Innovative Head-Mounted System Based on Inertial Sensors and Magnetometer for Detecting Falling Movements
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Structure of Proposed System
2.2. Fall Detection Scheme
2.3. Falling and ADL Experimental Protocol
2.4. Evaluation Metrics
3. Results and Discussion
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Component Name | Manufacturer | Specifications and Configuration | |
---|---|---|---|
MCU | ATMEGA328P-MU | Atmel, San Jose, CA, USA | Internal resistance–capacitance oscillator at 8 MHz |
Accelerometer | MPU6050 | InvenSense, San Jose, CA, USA | Full-scale range: Accelerometer: ± 16 g Gyroscope: ± 2000°/s I2C speed: 400 kHz |
Gyroscope | |||
Magnetometer | HMC5883L | Honeywell Aerospace, Phoenix, AZ, USA | Field range: ± 0.9 G I2C speed: 400 kHz |
Wi-Fi module | ESP8266 (ESP-12e) | Expressif, Shanghai, China | Standard: IEEE 802.11b/g/n Bandrate: 115,200 bits/s |
Regulator | MIC5219 | Microchip, Chandler, AZ, USA | Regulated voltage: 3.3 V Maximal current: 500 mA |
Bi-ion battery | 702030 | - | Capacity: 400 mAh Size: 20 mm × 30 mm × 7 mm |
Battery charger | TP4056 | TPower Semiconductor, Shenzhen, China | Charging current: 500 mA |
Component | Mode | Current Consumption | Period |
---|---|---|---|
MCU | Active mode | 3.58 mA (3.3 V @ 8 MHz) | 20 ms out of every 50 ms |
Sleep mode with watchdog timer enabled | 4.5 µA (3.3 V @ 8 MHz) | 30 ms out of every 50 ms | |
Accelerometer | Low-power mode | 60 µA (20 Hz sampling rate) | Always on |
Gyroscope | Normal operation mode | 3.60 mA | Always on |
Magnetometer | Normal operation mode | 100 µA | Always on |
Wi-Fi module | Transmission mode (Tx 802.11n, −65 dBm) | 120 mA | 100 ms out of every 600 s |
Power down mode | 0.5 µA | 599.9 s out of every 600 s |
Falling Movements | Forward Fall | At First Kneeling Down, Ending up Lying Down. |
---|---|---|
Backward Fall | At First Impacting on Pelvis, Ending up Lying Down. | |
Lateral Fall | Ending up Lying Down. | |
Activities of daily living (ADLs) | Running | |
Jumping |
Forward Fall | Backward Fall | Lateral Fall | Run | Jump | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Subject 1 | 16/16 | 14/16 | 16/16 | 50/50 | 50/50 |
Subject 2 | 16/16 | 16/16 | 16/16 | 50/50 | 48/50 |
Subject 3 | 13/16 | 16/16 | 16/16 | 50/50 | 50/50 |
Subject 4 | 16/16 | 16/16 | 16/16 | 50/50 | 50/50 |
Subject 5 | 14/16 | 16/16 | 16/16 | 48/50 | 43/50 |
Subject 6 | 8/16 | 16/16 | 16/16 | 50/50 | 50/50 |
Subject 7 | 16/16 | 16/16 | 16/16 | 49/50 | 49/50 |
Subject 8 | 16/16 | 16/16 | 16/16 | 47/50 | 48/50 |
Subject 9 | 16/16 | 16/16 | 16/16 | 50/50 | 48/50 |
Subject 10 | 10/16 | 16/16 | 15/16 | 50/50 | 50/50 |
Subject 11 | 15/16 | 15/16 | 16/16 | 49/50 | 50/50 |
Subject 12 | 16/16 | 16/16 | 16/16 | 50/50 | 50/50 |
Subject 13 | 16/16 | 16/16 | 16/16 | 50/50 | 50/50 |
Subject 14 | 16/16 | 16/16 | 16/16 | 49/50 | 46/50 |
Subject 15 | 16/16 | 16/16 | 16/16 | 50/50 | 50/50 |
Total | 220/240 | 237/240 | 239/240 | 742/750 | 732/750 |
Ref. (Year) | Sensor Type | Sensor Location | Classifier | Sample Rate | Real-Time Detection | Performance |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Palmerini, L. [4] (2015) | Accelerometer | Lower back | Wavelet analysis and threshold-based algorithm | 100 Hz | No | Sensitivity: 90% Specificity: 89.7% |
Sabatini, A.M. [5] (2016) | Accelerometer Gyroscope Barometric | Right anterior iliac spine | Threshold-based algorithm | 50 Hz | Yes | Sensitivity: 80% Specificity: 100% |
Hussain, F. [33] (2019) | Accelerometer Gyroscope | Waist | Machine-learning-based algorithm | 200 Hz | Yes | Sensitivity: 99.44% Specificity: 100% |
Our work | Accelerometer Gyroscope Magnetometer | Head | Threshold-based algorithm | 20 Hz | Yes | Sensitivity: 96.67% Specificity: 98.27% |
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Lin, C.-L.; Chiu, W.-C.; Chu, T.-C.; Ho, Y.-H.; Chen, F.-H.; Hsu, C.-C.; Hsieh, P.-H.; Chen, C.-H.; Lin, C.-C.K.; Sung, P.-S.; et al. Innovative Head-Mounted System Based on Inertial Sensors and Magnetometer for Detecting Falling Movements. Sensors 2020, 20, 5774. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20205774
Lin C-L, Chiu W-C, Chu T-C, Ho Y-H, Chen F-H, Hsu C-C, Hsieh P-H, Chen C-H, Lin C-CK, Sung P-S, et al. Innovative Head-Mounted System Based on Inertial Sensors and Magnetometer for Detecting Falling Movements. Sensors. 2020; 20(20):5774. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20205774
Chicago/Turabian StyleLin, Chih-Lung, Wen-Ching Chiu, Ting-Ching Chu, Yuan-Hao Ho, Fu-Hsing Chen, Chih-Cheng Hsu, Ping-Hsiao Hsieh, Chien-Hsu Chen, Chou-Ching K. Lin, Pi-Shan Sung, and et al. 2020. "Innovative Head-Mounted System Based on Inertial Sensors and Magnetometer for Detecting Falling Movements" Sensors 20, no. 20: 5774. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20205774