Graphitic Carbon Nitride: A Highly Electroactive Nanomaterial for Environmental and Clinical Sensing
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Preparation of Graphitic Carbon Nitride (g-C3N4)
2.1. Sol-Gel Method
2.2. Ultrasound-Assisted Exfoliation Method
2.3. Template-Assisted Method
2.4. Thermal Polymerization Method
3. Multifunctional Applications of Graphitic Carbon Nitride (g-C3N4)
3.1. Sensing of Metal Ions Using Graphitic Carbon Nitride (g-C3N4)
3.1.1. Pb2+
3.1.2. Detection of Hg2+ and Other Metals
3.2. Fabrication of Gas Sensor Using Graphitic Carbon Nitride (g-C3N4)
3.3. Sensing of Organic Pollutants Using Graphitic Carbon Nitride (g-C3N4)
3.4. Detection of Pharmaceuticals Using Carbon Nitride (g-C3N4)
3.5. Sensing of Biologic Molecules Using Graphitic Carbon Nitride (g-C3N4)
3.5.1. Sensing of Glucose
3.5.2. Sensing of Dopamine and Other Biomolecules
4. Conclusions and Recommendation
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Analyte | Method | Linear Range (nM) | LOD (nM) | Materials | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Hg | Chemosensor | 0.25–10 | 0.08 | g-CNQDs | [30] |
Hg | Colorimetry | 100–500 | 0.275 | Au@S-C3N4 | [31] |
Hg | Fluorescence | 1–1000 | 0.3 | GCNNS | [35] |
Hg | Fluorescence | 103–3 × 104 | 140 | g-C3N4 | [36] |
Hg | Fluorescence | 100–8 × 103 | 94 | g-C3N4 | [37] |
Hg | Fluorescence | 0.5–100 | 0.17 | g-C3N4 | [38] |
Hg | SWASV | 0.06–25 | 0.018 | IP-GCNT | [39] |
Ag | Electrochemical | 0.001–100 | 0.0009 | GCNNS | [40] |
Cd | SWASV | 50–700 | 3.9 | GCNNS | [41] |
Cu | PEC | 1–100 | 0.38 | g-C3N4 | [42] |
Cu | ECL | 10−8–10−4 | 10−8 | GCN-GO | [43] |
Ce | Fluorescence | 0.0005–0.032 | 6.4 × 10−5 | Ag2S QD-g-C3N4 | [44] |
Fe | ECL | 100–20,000 | 23.2 | La-CNNS | [45] |
Analyte | Method | Linear Range (nM) | LOD (nM) | Materials | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
4-NP | LSV | 1600–50,000 | 1 000 | BSO–gCN | [68] |
4-NP | DPV | 3.3–313 | 0.075 | OX-g-C3N4 | [69] |
TBBPA | DPV | 1–30 | 0.4 | PDDC–g-C3N4 | [70] |
BPA | PEC | 35–280 | 12 | Cu/g-C3N4 | [71] |
BPA | ECL | 0.001–1 | 0.00003 | C–g-C3N4 | [72] |
PCP | ECL | 10−8–10−4 | 10−8 | g-C3N4/graphene | [74] |
HQ | CV | 1000–320,000 | 300 | AuNPs@g-C3N4 | [75] |
4-NT | CV | 1000–10,000 | 100 | ZnO/g-C3N4 | [76] |
Analyte | Method | Linear Range (nM) | LOD (nM) | Materials | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
SMZ | Amperometry | 20–623,000 | 5.78 | g-C3N4/ZnO | [80] |
CP | PEC | 60–19,090 | 20 | ND-g-C3N4 | [81] |
SMZ | PEC | 0.5–80 | 0.1 | g-C3N4 QDs | [82] |
CTC | Fluorescence | 20–1000 | 8 | g-C3N4/MIS | [83] |
PAR | DPV | 2000–1680 × 103 | 1000 | PEDOT@g-C3N4 | [84] |
Analyte | Method | Linear Range (mM) | LOD (mM) | Materials | Ref |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Glucose | Fluorescence | 0–10 | 42 | CNQDTs/APBA | [89] |
Glucose | Fluorescence | 0.01–1 | 16 | PBA/g-C3N4 | [90] |
Glucose | EIS | 25–420 | 1.1 | Co(OH)2–C3N4 | [91] |
Glucose | Amperometry | 0.0006–2 | 300 | C3N4/Fe2O3/Cu | [92] |
Glucose | Amperometry | 0.001–0.14 | 250 | g-C3N4/Fe3O4 | [93] |
Dopamine | DPV | 0.0005–8.5 | 60 | CuO/g-C3N4 | [94] |
Dopamine | DPV | 0.1–1 | 29,000 | CaSt-g-C3N4 | [100] |
Dopamine | DPV | 1.2 × 10−5–5 | 4 | WP5@g-C3N4 | [101] |
H2O2 | PEC | 0.03–0.3 | 22 | g-C3N4@Ag2O | [105] |
H2O2 | PEC | 0.013–0.08 | 0.38 | ZnO-g-C3N4 | [106] |
CEA | PEC | 10−7–0.01 | 0.0001 | g-C3N4–BiOCl | [109] |
HER | PEC | 5 × 10−7–10−6 | 0.00008 | HCNT-AuNPs | [114] |
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Idris, A.O.; Oseghe, E.O.; Msagati, T.A.M.; Kuvarega, A.T.; Feleni, U.; Mamba, B. Graphitic Carbon Nitride: A Highly Electroactive Nanomaterial for Environmental and Clinical Sensing. Sensors 2020, 20, 5743. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20205743
Idris AO, Oseghe EO, Msagati TAM, Kuvarega AT, Feleni U, Mamba B. Graphitic Carbon Nitride: A Highly Electroactive Nanomaterial for Environmental and Clinical Sensing. Sensors. 2020; 20(20):5743. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20205743
Chicago/Turabian StyleIdris, Azeez O., Ekemena O. Oseghe, Titus A. M. Msagati, Alex T. Kuvarega, Usisipho Feleni, and Bhekie Mamba. 2020. "Graphitic Carbon Nitride: A Highly Electroactive Nanomaterial for Environmental and Clinical Sensing" Sensors 20, no. 20: 5743. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20205743