Label-Free Electrochemical Biosensors for the Determination of Flaviviruses: Dengue, Zika, and Japanese Encephalitis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Electrochemical Detection Methods
2.1. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy and Conductometry
2.2. Voltammetry, Amperometry
3. Electrochemical Biosensors for DENV Diagnostic
3.1. DNA and RNA Biosensors for DENV Diagnostic
3.2. Immunosensors for DENV Diagnostic
3.3. Peptide-Based Biosensors for DENV Diagnostic
4. Electrochemical Biosensors for ZIKV Diagnostic
5. Electrochemical Biosensors for JEV Diagnostic
6. Conclusions and Future Perspectives of Biosensors
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Electrochemical Label-Free Biosensors | ||||||||
Electrode/Platform Material | Method | Bio-Recognition Layer | Target | Limit of Detection | Possible Cross-Reactivity | Adv. | Dis. | Ref. |
A nanoporous alumina membrane/Pt | DPV, CV | Mouse anti-DENV2 monoclonal antibody | DENV2 | 1 pfu/mL | Chikungunya virus, West Nile virus, DENV3 | a, f | b, d, e | [87] |
A nanoporous alumina membrane/Pt | DPV, CV | DENV probe ssDNA | DENV1 | 9.55 × 10−12 mol/L | DENV3 | e, f | b, d, e | [81] |
Mn2O3/GCE | DPV | DENV probe ssDNA | DENV comple- mentary DNA | 1.2 × 10−19 mol/L | DENV non-complementary DNA | d, e, f | c, e | [81] |
Nafion/ITO | SWV | DENV probe ssDNA | DENV2 RNA | 2 × 10−18 mol/L | RNAs (DENV1, −3, −4) | a, e | b, e, f | [66] |
Au nanostructures/Ti | DPV, CV | DENV thiolated probe ssDNA | DENV comple- mentary DNA | 9.7 × 10−16 mol/L | DENV non-comple- mentary DNA, human serum albumin | b, c, e | e | [80] |
AuE | SWV, EIS | Synthetic peptides (DGV BP1–BP5) | DENV NS1antigen | 1.49 μg/mL | Bovine serum albumin | a, f | b, e | [68] |
MUA/6COH/AuE | EIS | Anti-DENV NS1 antibody | DENV NS1 antigen | 30 ng/mL | – | b, e, f, | c, e | [37] |
A nanoporous alumina electrode | EIS | Anti-DENV2 antibody | DENV2 | 1 pfu/mL | Chikungunya virus, West Nile virus | a, f | b, d, e | [93] |
Pt film/alumina membrane | EIS | Anti-DENV2 antibody | DENV2 DENV3 | 0.23 and0.71 pfu/mL | Chikungunya virus | a, b, e | c, d, e, f | [57] |
4-mercaptobenzoic acid/AuNPs/AuE | EIS | Anti-DENV antibody | DENV1–4 | – | – | a, b, | c, e | [99] |
AuNPs/1,4-phenylenediamine/ITO | EIS | Anti-DENV NS1 antibody | DENV NS1antigen | 5 ng/mL | Malaria-infected sera | b, d, e, f | a, c, f | [88] |
1-pyrenebutyric acid/SWNT/Au microelectrode | EIS | Anti-DENV NS1 antibody | DENV NS1 antigen | 1 ng/mL | Artificial human saliva | a, b, e | b, c, d, e | [89] |
11-(ferrocenyl)undecanethiol/PEG (poly(ethylene glycol)- thiol/AuE | EIS | Anti-DENV NS1 antibody, DENV NS1 antigen | DENV NS1 antigen, anti-DENV NS1 antibody | 1.2 ng/mL, 6.1 ng/mL | – | b, d, e | a, c, d, e, f | [50] |
Ferrocene-tagged peptide/AuE | EIS | Anti-DENV NS1 antibody | DENV NS1 antigen | – | – | b, d | c, d, e, f | [90] |
Poly(4-aminobenzoic acid)/screen-printed electrode | EIS | DENV NS1 antigen | Anti-DENV NS1 antibody | – | Uric acid, glucose, water, HBS-EP buffer | b, c, d, f | c | [91] |
Copolymers + graphene oxide/AuE | EIS | DENV antigen | DENV2 antibody | 0.12 pfu/mL | Influenza A virus | b, e | c, d, e, f | [100] |
Dopamine/polysulfone nanofibers/SPCE | EIS | Imprinted NS1 protein | DENV NS1 antigen | 0.3 ng/mL | Fetal bovine serum, lysozyme | b, c, d, e, f | c, d, e | [95] |
PVB (polyvinyl formal chloroform solution)—Fe3O4/AuE | EIS, CV | CramoLL (lectin and fetuin isolated from Cratylia mollis seeds) | Glycoproteins of DENV2, DENV3 | – | – | f | b, c, d, e | [73] |
PNA/SiNW (silicon nanowire) | Electronic conductivity | DENV comple- mentary fragment | DENV2 | 1.0 × 10−14 mol/L | – | b, c, f | b, c, d, e | [86] |
AuE | Electronic conductivity | Anti-DENV NS1 antibody | DENV NS1antigen | 0.25 μg/mL | – | [98] | ||
Anion exchange nanoporous membrane | Conducto-metry | Negatively charged DNA oligoprobes | DENV2, DENV3 RNA | 1.0 × 10−12 mol/L | – | b, d, f | e | [44] |
Commercially Available Assays | ||||||||
Platform/Com-pany | Method | Bio-Recognition Molecules | Target | Detection Rates | Possible Cross-Reactivity | Adv. | Dis. | Ref. |
Test Strips/Abbott SD BIOLINE Dengue Duo | In-vitro immunochromatogra-phic | DENV envelope proteins—Au colloidal | DENV NS1 antigen, DENV Ig M, Ig G Antibodies | 92.4% | RNAs (DENV1, −3, −4) and other flaviviruses | b, d, e, f | a, c | [101,102] |
Microtiter plate/Panbio Dengue Ig M | Membrane attack complex—ELISA | Anti-DENV human-IgM antibody, DENV NS1 antigen, antibody-HRP conjugates | DENV Ig M antibodies | 81% | RNAs (DENV1, −3, −4) and other flaviviruses | d, f | a, c | [103,104] |
Microtiter plate/Abbott SD ELISA Dengue | Indirect ELISA | Anti-DENV human-IgM antibody, DENV NS1antigen, antibody-HRP conjugates | DENV Ig M antibodies | 69.2% | RNAs (DENV1, −3, −4) and other flaviviruses | d, f | a, c | [103,105] |
Electrode Material | Method | Bio-Recognition Layer | Target | Limit of Detection | Possible Cross-Reactivity | Adv. | Dis. | Ref. |
DTSP (dithiobis(succi-nimidyl propionate))/IDE (interdigitated micro-Au electrode) | EIS | ZIKV envelope protein antibody (Zev-Abs) | ZIKV antigen | 1 × 10−11 mol/L | Chikungunya virus, West Nile virus, DENV | c, e, f | b, c | [49] |
p-Phenylenediamine/SPCE | EIS, CV, SWV | ZIKV EDIII and NS1 | ZIKV antibodies | 17 fg/mL | DENV | d, e | a, c | [110] |
PEG/Ti-Pt leads on SiO2/graphene chip | Capacitan-ce measure-ment | Mouse anti- ZIKV monoclonal antibody | ZIKV NS1 antigen | 4.5 × 10−10 mol/L | JEV | b, c | a, c, e | [113] |
SIPs-GO composites/AuE | DPV | ZIKV imprinted to the polymer | ZIKV antigen | 2 × 10−4 pfu/mL | DENV2 | d | a, c, d | [115] |
3-4-AHBA/ PCGE | SWV, EIS | ZIKV aminated ssDNA | ZIKV antigen | 2.54 × 10−11 mol/L | DENV2, −3 | f | b, c, e | [56] |
ZnO nanostructures/PCB | CV | Anti-ZIKV NS1 antibody | ZIKV NS1 antigen | 1 pg/mL | DENV NS1 antigen | e, f | a, c, e | [109] |
Disposable AuE/PET | EIS, DPV, CV | ZIKV thiolated probe ssDNA | ZIKV NS5 antigen | 2.5 × 10−8 mol/L | DENV NS5 protein | a, c | b, e | [48] |
Poly-tyramine/ rGO/graphite electrode | DPV | ZIKV oligonucleotide | ZIKV genomic RNA | 0.1 fg/mL | – | d, f | f | [26] |
Commercially Available Assays | ||||||||
Platform/Company | Method | Bio-Recognition Molecules | Target | Detection Rates | Possible Cross-Reactivity | Adv. | Dis. | Ref. |
Test Strips/Abbott SD BIOLINE Zika Ig M | In-vitro immunochromatographic | ZIKV envelope proteins—Aucolloidal | ZIKV NS1 antigen, DENV Ig M, Ig G antibodies | 95.6% | RNAs (DENV1, −3, −4) and other flaviviruses | b, d, e, f | a, c | [101] |
Microtiter plate/InBios ZIKV Detect™ | Membrane attack complex—ELISA | Anti-DENV human-IgM antibody, DENV NS1antigen, antibody-HRP conjugates | DENV Ig M antibodies | 96.5% | Yellow Fever virus, Chikungunya virus | d, e, f | a, c | [116,117] |
Microtiter plate precoated with ZIKV NS1/ Euroimmun anti-ZIKV IgM | Indirect ELISA | Antibody-HRP conjugates | DENV Ig M antibodies | 56% | West Nile virus | d, f | a, c | [118,117] |
Electrode Material | Method | Bio-Recognition Layer | Target | Limit of Detection | Adv. | Dis. | Ref. |
Nano-Au/o-PDA polymer film/PtE | Amperometry | Antiserum of JEV | JEV antigen | 6 × 10−9 pfu/mL | b, f | c, b | [119] |
Nano-Au/o-PDA polymer film with deposited Prussian blue/PtE | Amperometry | Antiserum of JEV | JEV antigen | 6 × 10−9 pfu/mL | b, f | a, b, c | [45] |
l-cysteine + nano-Au and [Co(bpy)3]3+/AuE | Potentiometry | Antiserum of JEV | JEV antigen | 3.5 × 10−8 pfu/mL | b | a, b, c | [42] |
Silanized surface with protein A/screen-printed electrode | EIS | Serum containing antibodies to JEV | JEV antigen | 0.75 µg/mL | a, b c, d | d, e, f | [122] |
PANI nanowires/PtE | EIS | Anti-JEV antibodies | JEV antigen | 10 ng/mL | e | c, d, e, f, | [38] |
CNPs/3-aminopropyl triethoxysilane/SPCE | EIS, CV | JEV antibody | JEV antigen | 2 ng/mL | b, d | c, d, e, f, | [121] |
PANI/multiwalled carbon nanotubes/PtE | EIS | Anti-JEV antibodies | JEV antigen | – | a, b | d, e, f | [27] |
CNPs/chitosan/SPCE | EIS, CV | JEV antibody | JEV antigen | 0.36 ng/mL | b, d, c | a, c, d, e, f | [70] |
Commercially Available Assays | |||||||
Platform/Company | Method | Bio-Recognition Molecules | Target | Detection Rates | Adv. | Adv. | Ref. |
Microtiter plate/InBios JEV Detect™ | Membrane attack complex—ELISA | Anti-JEV human-IgM antibody, JEV NS1 antigen, antibody-HRP conjugates | JEV Ig M antibodies | 56% | d, f | a, c | [123,124] |
Microtiter plate/XCyton JEV Chex | Membrane attack complex—ELISA | Anti-JEV human-IgM antibody, JEV NS1 antigen, antibody-HRP conjugates | JEV Ig M antibodies | 19% | d, f | a, c | [124] |
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Khristunova, E.; Dorozhko, E.; Korotkova, E.; Kratochvil, B.; Vyskocil, V.; Barek, J. Label-Free Electrochemical Biosensors for the Determination of Flaviviruses: Dengue, Zika, and Japanese Encephalitis. Sensors 2020, 20, 4600. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20164600
Khristunova E, Dorozhko E, Korotkova E, Kratochvil B, Vyskocil V, Barek J. Label-Free Electrochemical Biosensors for the Determination of Flaviviruses: Dengue, Zika, and Japanese Encephalitis. Sensors. 2020; 20(16):4600. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20164600
Chicago/Turabian StyleKhristunova, Ekaterina, Elena Dorozhko, Elena Korotkova, Bohumil Kratochvil, Vlastimil Vyskocil, and Jiri Barek. 2020. "Label-Free Electrochemical Biosensors for the Determination of Flaviviruses: Dengue, Zika, and Japanese Encephalitis" Sensors 20, no. 16: 4600. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20164600