Mind Mapping Training’s Effects on Reading Ability: Detection Based on Eye Tracking Sensors
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Related Studies
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Participants
3.2. Apparatus
3.3. Materials
3.4. Procedure
- Give instructions to the participants about how to do the experiment.
- Ask the participants to read four Japanese articles that are displayed randomly on a PC screen, one after another. The time given for reading is unlimited.
- Record eye tracking data during reading.
- Follow each article with two reading comprehension multiple-choice questions and a requirement to write down the keywords and key sentences to measure their reading comprehension rate and reading efficiency, which participants must do immediately after reading.
- Analyze the obtained eye tracking data and other data (reading comprehension data).
3.5. Eye Movement Indicators
3.5.1. Fixation-Related Indicators
3.5.2. Regression Count
3.5.3. Saccade Amplitude
3.5.4. Pupil Diameter
3.5.5. Heat Map
3.5.6. Fixation Trajectory Map
3.6. Reading Comprehension Indicators
4. Findings and Discussions
4.1. Eye Movement Indicators Analysis
4.2. Heat Map Analysis
4.3. Fixation Trajectory Map Analysis
4.4. Reading Comprehension Indicators Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Item | Group | Pre-Test | Post-Test | t | p | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M | SD | M | SD | ||||
Reading comprehension test | Experimental group | 78.31 | 2.35 | 84.65 | 2.52 | −2.12 ** | 0.006 |
Control group | 78.22 | 2.76 | 80.20 | 2.68 | −1.85 | 0.064 |
Eye Movement Indicators | Experimental Group | Control Group | t | p | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M | SD | M | SD | |||
Number of fixations | 250.91 | 19.16 | 404.70 | 47.78 | 13.375 *** | 0.000 |
Fixation frequency | 3.60 | 1.19 | 5.10 | 1.12 | −4.094 ** | 0.001 |
Mean fixation duration | 0.20 | 0.01 | 0.22 | 0.03 | 2.663 * | 0.015 |
Regression count | 63.15 | 11.80 | 90.00 | 8.94 | 8.062 *** | 0.000 |
Saccade amplitude | 5.06 | 0.93 | 3.34 | 1.01 | −6.473 *** | 0.000 |
Pupil diameter | 5.25 | 0.06 | 5.21 | 0.08 | 1.961 | 0.065 |
Group | Text Area 1 | Text Area 2 | t | p | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M | SD | M | SD | |||
Experimental group | 0.223 | 0.023 | 0.183 | 0.017 | 6.543 *** | 0.000 |
Control group | 0.222 | 0.032 | 0.224 | 0.034 | −0.526 | 0.605 |
Number of fixations | Group | Article 1 | Article 2 | Article 3 | Article 4 | Average |
Experimental group | 250.50 | 248.70 | 252.85 | 251.60 | 250.91 | |
Control group | 405.60 | 404.95 | 402.55 | 405.70 | 404.70 | |
Saccade amplitude | Experimental group | 4.95 | 5.15 | 5.15 | 5.00 | 5.06 |
Control group | 3.40 | 3.25 | 3.45 | 3.25 | 3.34 |
Reading Comprehension Indicators | Experimental Group | Control Group | t | p | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M | SD | M | SD | |||
Reading time | 1.25 | 0.25 | 1.90 | 0.34 | 6.075 *** | 0.000 |
Reading speed | 250.90 | 52.87 | 163.52 | 30.89 | −5.674 *** | 0.000 |
Reading comprehension rate | 0.81 | 0.14 | 0.66 | 0.16 | −3.035 ** | 0.007 |
Reading efficiency | 200.34 | 49.03 | 109.26 | 38.67 | −5.822 *** | 0.000 |
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Liu, T.; Yuizono, T. Mind Mapping Training’s Effects on Reading Ability: Detection Based on Eye Tracking Sensors. Sensors 2020, 20, 4422. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20164422
Liu T, Yuizono T. Mind Mapping Training’s Effects on Reading Ability: Detection Based on Eye Tracking Sensors. Sensors. 2020; 20(16):4422. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20164422
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Ting, and Takaya Yuizono. 2020. "Mind Mapping Training’s Effects on Reading Ability: Detection Based on Eye Tracking Sensors" Sensors 20, no. 16: 4422. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20164422
APA StyleLiu, T., & Yuizono, T. (2020). Mind Mapping Training’s Effects on Reading Ability: Detection Based on Eye Tracking Sensors. Sensors, 20(16), 4422. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20164422