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Volume 20
Issue 12
10.3390/s20123541
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Article

Analysis of Methods for Long Vehicles Speed Estimation Using Anisotropic Magneto-Resistive (AMR) Sensors and Reference Piezoelectric Sensor

by
Vytautas Markevicius
,
Dangirutis Navikas
,
Donatas Miklusis
,
Darius Andriukaitis
*,
Algimantas Valinevicius
,
Mindaugas Zilys
and
Mindaugas Cepenas
Department of Electronics Engineering, Kaunas University of Technology, Studentu St. 50–439, LT-51368 Kaunas, Lithuania
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Sensors 2020, 20(12), 3541; https://doi.org/10.3390/s20123541
Submission received: 27 May 2020 / Revised: 16 June 2020 / Accepted: 17 June 2020 / Published: 22 June 2020
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Advanced Magnetic Sensors and Their Applications)
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Abstract

With rapidly increasing traffic occupancy, intelligent transportation systems (ITSs) are a vital feature for urban areas. This paper analyses methods for estimating long (L > 10 m) vehicle speed and length using a self-developed system, equipped with two anisotropic magneto-resistive (AMR) sensors, and introduces a method for verifying the results. A well-known cross-correlation method of magnetic signatures is not appropriate for calculating the vehicle speed of long vehicles owing to limited resources and a long calculation time. Therefore, the adaptive signature cropping algorithm was developed and used with a difference quotient of a magnetic signature. An additional piezoelectric polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) sensor and video camera provide ground truth to evaluate the performances. The prototype system was installed on the urban road and tested under various traffic and weather conditions. The accuracy of results was evaluated by calculating the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) for different methods and vehicle speed groups. The experimental result with a self-obtained data set of 600 unique entities shows that the average speed MAPE error of our proposed method is lower than 3% for vehicle speed in a range between 40 and 100 km/h.
Keywords: magnetic field measurement; sensors; cross-correlation; vehicle speed estimation; AMR; long vehicles magnetic field measurement; sensors; cross-correlation; vehicle speed estimation; AMR; long vehicles

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MDPI and ACS Style

Markevicius, V.; Navikas, D.; Miklusis, D.; Andriukaitis, D.; Valinevicius, A.; Zilys, M.; Cepenas, M. Analysis of Methods for Long Vehicles Speed Estimation Using Anisotropic Magneto-Resistive (AMR) Sensors and Reference Piezoelectric Sensor. Sensors 2020, 20, 3541. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20123541

AMA Style

Markevicius V, Navikas D, Miklusis D, Andriukaitis D, Valinevicius A, Zilys M, Cepenas M. Analysis of Methods for Long Vehicles Speed Estimation Using Anisotropic Magneto-Resistive (AMR) Sensors and Reference Piezoelectric Sensor. Sensors. 2020; 20(12):3541. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20123541

Chicago/Turabian Style

Markevicius, Vytautas, Dangirutis Navikas, Donatas Miklusis, Darius Andriukaitis, Algimantas Valinevicius, Mindaugas Zilys, and Mindaugas Cepenas. 2020. "Analysis of Methods for Long Vehicles Speed Estimation Using Anisotropic Magneto-Resistive (AMR) Sensors and Reference Piezoelectric Sensor" Sensors 20, no. 12: 3541. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20123541

APA Style

Markevicius, V., Navikas, D., Miklusis, D., Andriukaitis, D., Valinevicius, A., Zilys, M., & Cepenas, M. (2020). Analysis of Methods for Long Vehicles Speed Estimation Using Anisotropic Magneto-Resistive (AMR) Sensors and Reference Piezoelectric Sensor. Sensors, 20(12), 3541. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20123541

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