Comparison of Gas Sensing Properties of Reduced Graphene Oxide Obtained by Two Different Methods
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Materials
- Material 1—oxidation: Modification of Hummer’s method (Method 1), reduction: thermal reduction.
- Material 2—oxidation: Modification of Tour’s method (Method 2), reduction: thermal reduction.
- H—Hummers’ method;
- T—modified Tour’s method;
- GO1—graphite oxide prepared using Hummers’ method;
- GO2—graphite oxide prepared using modified Tour’s method;
- TRGO1—graphene oxide obtained after thermally reduction of GO1;
- TRGO2—graphene oxide obtained after thermally reduction of GO2;
- Sample 1—a measuring structure with TRGO1;
- Sample 2—a measuring structure with TRGO2.
2.1.1. Oxidation
2.1.2. Exfoliation and Reduction
- The graphite oxide sample (10 g), after being placed in the retort, was purged with nitrogen (5 mL/min) at room temperature for 30 min;
- The retort with the sample was then placed in an oven preheated to 900 °C and kept at this temperature for 5 min.
2.2. Preparation of Sensing Structures
2.3. Methods
2.3.1. Gas Measurement System
2.3.2. Porous Texture Analysis Using N2 Sorption
2.3.3. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)
3. Results
3.1. Characterization of the Structures
3.1.1. Porous Texture Analysis Using the N2 Sorption Method
3.1.2. Imaging of the rGO Structures
3.1.3. Composition Analysis Using X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)
3.2. Study of the Sensitivity of Receptor Layers
3.2.1. Hydrogen Action in Dry Carrier Gas on rGO Structures
- RX- resistance of target gas (structure is affected by testing gas);
- RC- resistance of the structure affected by carrier gas.
3.2.2. Hydrogen Action in Wet Carrier Gas on rGO Structures
- for the same concentration of hydrogen and the same temperature but different humidity of the carrier gas, the trc times are comparable (for each sample);
- the trc is slightly shorter for Sample 2;
- treg is much longer than trc, for all cases.
3.2.3. Ammonia and Nitrogen Dioxide Action on rGO Structures
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
- fast changes in resistance as a result of the presence of hydrogen in nitrogen/synthetic air (much shorter than for nitrogen dioxide);
- lack of sensitivity or poor sensitivity to humidity (an unquestionable advantage of both structures);
- selectivity: different reactions of the samples when mixture with hydrogen, ammonia or nitrogen dioxide are introduced to the atmosphere ( is positive for the measurement with hydrogen, negative for the measurement with nitrogen dioxide and there is no reaction when NH3 was dosed). Our results are consistent with the literature which says that the structure can interact with NO2, but the interaction with NH3 is weak [29]. The absolute changes of the responses are much larger when in contact with NO2 than H2, for both structures.
- due to the potential sensor’s application of structures, the research was carried out at relatively low temperatures (i.e., 150 °C).
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Material | Csp2 284.5 ± 0.1 eV | Csp3 285.4 ± 0.2 eV | C-OH, C-O-C 286.5 ± 0.3 eV | C=O 287.6 ± 0.2 eV | O=C-OH 288.9 ± 0.3 eV |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
GO1 | 46 | 3 | 39 | 7 | 5 |
GO2 | 41 | 1 | 46 | 10 | 2 |
TRGO1 | 78 | 8 | 11 | 3 | 0 |
TRGO2 | 80 | 8 | 9 | 3 | 0 |
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Method of Oxidation | Reagents | Time, h | Obtained Graphite Oxide |
---|---|---|---|
H | H2SO4 (30 mL); NaNO3 (3 g); KMnO4 (3 g) | 2 | GO1 |
T | H2SO4 (45 mL); H3PO4 (5 mL); KNO3 (1.5 g); KMnO4 (5 g) | 5 | GO2 |
Material | Surface Area (SBET) m2 g−1 | Total Pore Volume (VT) cm3 g−1 | Micropore Volume (VDR) cm3 g−1 | Mesopore Volume (Vmez) cm3g−1 | Vmez/VT | Average Pore Diameter (dav) nm |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
TRGO1 | 183 ± 13 | 0.41 | 0.06 | 0.35 | 0.87 | 9.6 |
TRGO2 | 965 ± 39 | 2.32 | 0.29 | 2.05 | 0.88 | 9.6 |
Concentration of Hydrogen, % | Pch |
---|---|
1 | 0.9402 ± 0.0025 |
2 | 0.9213 ± 0.0020 |
3 | 0.9667 ± 0.0019 |
4 | 1.0297 ± 0.0020 |
trc Dry, s | trc Wet, s | treg Dry, s | treg Wet, s | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sample 1 | 22 | 21 | 527 | 481 |
Sample 2 | 17 | 16 | 594 | 564 |
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Drewniak, S.; Procek, M.; Muzyka, R.; Pustelny, T. Comparison of Gas Sensing Properties of Reduced Graphene Oxide Obtained by Two Different Methods. Sensors 2020, 20, 3175. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20113175
Drewniak S, Procek M, Muzyka R, Pustelny T. Comparison of Gas Sensing Properties of Reduced Graphene Oxide Obtained by Two Different Methods. Sensors. 2020; 20(11):3175. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20113175
Chicago/Turabian StyleDrewniak, Sabina, Marcin Procek, Roksana Muzyka, and Tadeusz Pustelny. 2020. "Comparison of Gas Sensing Properties of Reduced Graphene Oxide Obtained by Two Different Methods" Sensors 20, no. 11: 3175. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20113175
APA StyleDrewniak, S., Procek, M., Muzyka, R., & Pustelny, T. (2020). Comparison of Gas Sensing Properties of Reduced Graphene Oxide Obtained by Two Different Methods. Sensors, 20(11), 3175. https://doi.org/10.3390/s20113175