Auction-Based Secondary Relay Selection on Overlay Spectrum Sharing in Hybrid Satellite–Terrestrial Sensor Networks
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- First of all, we analyze both the DF and AF relay protocols on the spectrum sharing mechanism for primary user’s (PU’s) message in HSTSNs. In addition, the advantages and disadvantages of the traditional relay selection algorithm are also analyzed.
- Then, the Vickery auction mechanism is introduced to achieve the efficient and fairness secondary relay selection by one shot in a distributed manner, where the bids of the potential relay are the assistance transmission capacity by the different sub-time slot allocation in the entire time slot.
- Numerical simulations are provided to compare the proposed auction-based algorithm with the maximum satellite-relay and relay-destination link and maximum satellite-relay link, which validate the effectiveness of the auction mechanism on cooperative spectrum sharing in HSTSNs for secondary relay selection. Besides, the effects of key factors on the performance of the auction mechanism are analyzed.
2. Related Works
3. System Model
3.1. Sub-Time Slot Analysis
3.2. Transmission Capacity
4. Auction Game
4.1. Auction Mechanism Selection
4.2. Bidder Private Values
4.3. Auction Design
- Information: We assume all potential relays could use the maximum power to achieve as much capacity as possible. The publicly available information includes the noise density and . Each relay, acted as a bidder, could acquire the channel gain , and , which is not available for other bidders. Hence, the incomplete information prevent bidders from lying, and each bidder would offer the true value for utilizing the shared spectrum.
- Bids: The value of potential relay for the satellite is the assistance transmitted capacity. All potential relay would send the bids or to the satellite.
- Allocation: The satellite chooses the highest bids as the winner. In addition, the satellite broadcasts all the bids to all potential relays and informs the selected secondary relay the highest non-winning bids. Once the satellite is lying, all potential relay quit as a penalty. The potential Relays are physically isolated from each other, so avoiding collusion.
- Payoffs: It can be aware of that the PU obtain the highest non-winning bids as payoffs. The chosen relay reconfigures the sub-time slots allocation by the highest non-winning bids. For AF relay protocols, the first two sub-time slots are reconfigured asFor DF relay protocols, the first two sub-time slots are reconfigured asIn addition, the first two sub-time slots still obey (10), which means the can be obtained. The third sub-time slot is . The payoffs of the relay is After the sub-time slot reconfiguration, the chosen relay informs the satellite the time slot configuration and starts the transmission. It is worth to note that if there are bidders with the same bid, the primary network would randomly select one as the cognitive relay, and the payment will be paid at the highest price.
5. Simulation Results
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
HSTSN | hybrid satellite–terrestrial sensor network |
DF | decode-and-forward |
AF | amplify-and-forward |
TDMA | time division multiple access |
IoT | Internet of Things |
mMTC | Massive Machine-type communications |
ITU | International Telecommunications Union |
NTN | Non-Terrestrial Networks |
LOS | line-of-sight |
QoS | quality of services |
CR | cognitive radio |
CSI | channel state information |
NCC | network control center |
NOMA | non-orthogonal multiple access |
SNR | signal-to-noise ratio |
NE | Nash equilibrium |
BS | base-stations |
D2D | device-to-device |
PU | primary user |
SU | secondary user |
DC | direct communication |
FDMA | frequency division multiplexing access |
AWGN | additive white Gaussian noise |
LEO | Low Earth Orbit |
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Parameters | Values |
---|---|
Satellite transmission power | 100 w |
AWGN power | dBw |
Satellite transimiter antenna gain | 20 dB |
Relay receiver antenna gain | 25 dB |
Center frequency | 4 GHz |
Nakagami fading parameter of | |
Scatter component of | |
Terrestrial path loss exponent | 2 |
Number of realizations |
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Zhang, X.; Zhang, B.; An, K.; Chen, Z.; Guo, D. Auction-Based Secondary Relay Selection on Overlay Spectrum Sharing in Hybrid Satellite–Terrestrial Sensor Networks. Sensors 2019, 19, 5039. https://doi.org/10.3390/s19225039
Zhang X, Zhang B, An K, Chen Z, Guo D. Auction-Based Secondary Relay Selection on Overlay Spectrum Sharing in Hybrid Satellite–Terrestrial Sensor Networks. Sensors. 2019; 19(22):5039. https://doi.org/10.3390/s19225039
Chicago/Turabian StyleZhang, Xiaokai, Bangning Zhang, Kang An, Zhuyun Chen, and Daoxing Guo. 2019. "Auction-Based Secondary Relay Selection on Overlay Spectrum Sharing in Hybrid Satellite–Terrestrial Sensor Networks" Sensors 19, no. 22: 5039. https://doi.org/10.3390/s19225039
APA StyleZhang, X., Zhang, B., An, K., Chen, Z., & Guo, D. (2019). Auction-Based Secondary Relay Selection on Overlay Spectrum Sharing in Hybrid Satellite–Terrestrial Sensor Networks. Sensors, 19(22), 5039. https://doi.org/10.3390/s19225039