Measurements of the Vertical Displacements of a Railway Bridge Using TLS Technology in the Context of the Upgrade of the Polish Railway Transport
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
- the research object was specifically defined,
- the same variants of object monitoring were set during subsequent periodic measurements,
- measurement methods and measurement technologies were set that would be sufficiently accurate, and
- a research schedule was set to ensure timely periodic measurements (according to [43]).
2.1. Object
2.2. The Concept of Object Measurement
2.3. Procedures for Determining the Optimal Post-Processing of 3D Data
- —differences in the displacement values of the single node () of the main girders,
- —vertical displacements of the single node () of the main girders determined by leveling,
- —vertical displacements of the single node () of the main girders determined by TLS.
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. TLS Data Post-Processing
3.2. Case Study 1—Controlled Point Network Analysis
3.3. Case Study 2—Point Clouds Analysis
3.4. Case Study 3—Surfaces Meshes Analysis
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
References
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PN-89/S-10050 | PN-99/S-10040 | Id-16 Instructions (2005) | Id-16 Instructions (2014) | PKP Standards (2009) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Static Load Test | ||||
L * > 21 m | Every bridge | Every bridge | Not applicable | Every bridge |
Dynamic Load Test | ||||
L > 21 m | L = approx. 15 m | Steel: L > 21 m Concrete: L > 10 m | Not applicable | L > 21 m |
Goals | ||
---|---|---|
I | Precise leveling of bridge spans | The vertical displacements of protrusions of the main girders of the bridge |
Reference measurements for TLS results | ||
II | Reflectorless precision tacheometry of controlled points | The displacements of controlled point network |
Reference measurements for TLS results | ||
III | Terrestrial laser scanning | The displacements of the bridge determined using:
|
Aims | |
---|---|
Precise leveling | Periodic precise leveling of the control network |
Precise leveling of white sphere targets | |
Periodic precise leveling of the main girders of the bridge | |
Precise tacheometry, reflection-based measurement | Periodic measurement of the control network |
Precise tacheometry, reflectorless measurement | Periodic measurement of the controlled point network |
Terrestrial laser scanning | Periodic measurement of the bridge |
Instrument | Technical Parameters |
---|---|
Leica NA3003 | Measuring distance: 1.3–100 m |
Precision of distance measurement: ± (3 mm + 5 pmm) | |
Accuracy per 1 km of double leveling: 0.4 mm (invar staff), 1.2 mm (standard staff) | |
Trimble VX | Maximum measuring distance: 250 m |
Precision of distance measurement: ± (1 mm + 2 pmm) | |
Angular accuracy 1″ | |
Z+F Imager 5010 | Maximum measuring distance: 187 m |
Beam divergence < mrad (full angle) | |
Beam diameter approx. 3.5 mm per 1 m | |
More than 1 million pixel/sec maximum measurement rate |
CASE STUDY 1 Controlled Point Network | CASE STUDY 2 Point Clouds | CASE STUDY 3 Surface Mesh | |
---|---|---|---|
Methodology of determining displacements by TLS | periodic comparison of changes in the spatial position of elements of the controlled point network | periodic comparison of point clouds by generating differential point cloud models of the main bridge girders, analysis of vertical displacements | periodic comparison of surface models by generating differential surface models of the main bridge girders, analysis of vertical displacements |
Reference measurements | displacements of elements of the controlled point network, determined by reflectorless tacheometry | the vertical displacements of nodes of the main girders, determined by precise leveling | the vertical displacements of the nodes of the main girders, determined by precise leveling |
- | point clouds of the object | - | |
Sets of input TLS data | registered point clouds of the object, with the georeferenced control network | registered point clouds of the object, with the georeferenced control network | registered point clouds of the object, with the georeferenced control network |
- | second set of input data with the use of filtration algorithms | second set of input data with the use of filtration algorithms |
Stage 1 | Tie Points | Georeference Data | ||
1 | HDS (High-Definition Surveying) targets | (X, Y) of points of the control network | ||
2 | white sphere targets 2 | (X, Y) of sphere targets from the results of the first stage (H) of the centers of the sphere targets from precise leveling |
REGISTRATION | First Series | Second Series | Third Series | |
MAE [m] | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | |
RMS [m] | 0.002 | 0.001 | 0.002 | |
FILTRATION | Number of Elements in Point Clouds | |||
Filtration Stage | Filtration Algorithm | First Series | Second Series | Third Series |
- | Periodic point cloud | 48,531,393 | 53,926,203 | 24,984,892 |
1 | SOR filter | 45,665,543 | 49,787,683 | 24,368,852 |
2 | Noise filter | 43,137,503 | 47,036,862 | 22,828,872 |
3 | Bilateral filter | 43,053,399 | 47,020,857 | 22,828,515 |
Percentage of the reduction of the elements of point clouds [%] | 11 | 13 | 9 |
(a) Epochs 1–2 | ||||
Displacement | Significance Level α | Cluster Analysis | Statistic Value λ (D = sup| F1(TLS) − F2(TACH)|) | Resultant Hypothesis |
along the OX axis | α = 0.01 | 0.001 m | λ = 1.25 < λα = 1.63 | H0 |
along the OY axis | λ = 1.25 < λα = 1.63 | H0 | ||
vertical | λ = 0.97 < λα = 1.63 | H0 | ||
(b) Epochs 1–3 | ||||
Displacement | Significance Level α | Cluster Analysis | Statistic Value λ (D = sup| F1(TLS) − F2(TACH)|) | Resultant Hypothesis |
along the OX axis | α = 0.01 | 0.001 m | λ = 1.07 < λα = 1.63 | H0 |
along the OY axis | λ = 0.80 < λα = 1.63 | H0 | ||
vertical | λ = 0.80 < λα = 1.63 | H0 |
(a) First Sets of Data | ||||
Epoch | Significance Level α | Cluster Analysis | Statistic Value λ (D = sup| F1(TLS) − F2(LEV)|) | Resultant Hypothesis |
1–2 | α = 0.01 | 0.001 m | λ = 1.66 > λα = 1.63 | H1 |
1–3 | λ = 2.04 > λα = 1.63 | H1 | ||
(b) Second Sets of Data | ||||
Epoch | Significance Level α | Cluster Analysis | Statistic Value λ (D = sup| F1(TLS) − F2(LEV)|) | Resultant Hypothesis |
1–2 | α = 0.01 | 0.001 m | λ = 0.92 < λα = 1.63 | H0 |
1–3 | λ = 0.82 < λα = 1.63 | H0 | ||
(c) Third Sets of Data | ||||
Epoch | Significance Level α | Cluster Analysis | Statistic Value λ (D = sup| F1(TLS) − F2(LEV)|) | Resultant Hypothesis |
1–2 | α = 0.01 | 0.001 m | λ = 0.62 < λα = 1.63 | H0 |
1–3 | λ = 0.63 < λα = 1.63 | H0 |
(a) Second sets of data | ||||
Epoch | Significance Level α | Cluster Analysis | Statistic Value λ (D = sup| F1(TLS) − F2(LEV)|) | Resultant Hypothesis |
1–2 | α = 0.01 | 0.001 m | λ = 0.56 < λα = 1.63 | H0 |
1–3 | λ = 1.45 < λα = 1.63 | H0 | ||
(b) Third sets of data | ||||
Epoch | Significance Level α | Cluster Analysis | Statistic Value Λ (D = sup| F1(TLS) − F2(LEV)|) | Resultant Hypothesis |
1–2 | α = 0.01 | 0.001 m | λ = 0.46 < λα = 1.63 | H0 |
1–3 | λ = 0.82 < λα = 1.63 | H0 |
(a) Case Study 2 | First Set of Data | Second Set of Data | Third Set of Data |
* | ±2.4 | ±2.4 | ±2.4 |
* | ±2.3 | ±1.2 | ±1.5 |
* | ±1.9 | ±0.9 | ±1.0 |
* | ±4.0 | ±2.5 | ±3.2 |
* | 0.8 | 0.5 | -0.2 |
(b) Case Study 3 | Second Set of Data | Third Set of Data | |
* | ±2.4 | ±2.4 | |
* | ±4.3 | ±2.2 | |
* | ±2.5 | ±1.3 | |
* | ±12.9 | ±4.5 | |
* | 1.7 | 0.1 |
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Gawronek, P.; Makuch, M.; Mitka, B.; Gargula, T. Measurements of the Vertical Displacements of a Railway Bridge Using TLS Technology in the Context of the Upgrade of the Polish Railway Transport. Sensors 2019, 19, 4275. https://doi.org/10.3390/s19194275
Gawronek P, Makuch M, Mitka B, Gargula T. Measurements of the Vertical Displacements of a Railway Bridge Using TLS Technology in the Context of the Upgrade of the Polish Railway Transport. Sensors. 2019; 19(19):4275. https://doi.org/10.3390/s19194275
Chicago/Turabian StyleGawronek, Pelagia, Maria Makuch, Bartosz Mitka, and Tadeusz Gargula. 2019. "Measurements of the Vertical Displacements of a Railway Bridge Using TLS Technology in the Context of the Upgrade of the Polish Railway Transport" Sensors 19, no. 19: 4275. https://doi.org/10.3390/s19194275