Time Difference of Arrival (TDoA) Localization Combining Weighted Least Squares and Firefly Algorithm
College of Intelligence Science and Technology, National University of Defense Technology, Changsha 410073, China
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Sensors 2019, 19(11), 2554; https://doi.org/10.3390/s19112554
Received: 11 April 2019
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Revised: 28 May 2019
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Accepted: 2 June 2019
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Published: 4 June 2019
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sensor Signal and Information Processing II)
Time difference of arrival (TDoA) based on a group of sensor nodes with known locations has been widely used to locate targets. Two-step weighted least squares (TSWLS), constrained weighted least squares (CWLS), and Newton–Raphson (NR) iteration are commonly used passive location methods, among which the initial position is needed and the complexity is high. This paper proposes a hybrid firefly algorithm (hybrid-FA) method, combining the weighted least squares (WLS) algorithm and FA, which can reduce computation as well as achieve high accuracy. The WLS algorithm is performed first, the result of which is used to restrict the search region for the FA method. Simulations showed that the hybrid-FA method required far fewer iterations than the FA method alone to achieve the same accuracy. Additionally, two experiments were conducted to compare the results of hybrid-FA with other methods. The findings indicated that the root-mean-square error (RMSE) and mean distance error of the hybrid-FA method were lower than that of the NR, TSWLS, and genetic algorithm (GA). On the whole, the hybrid-FA outperformed the NR, TSWLS, and GA for TDoA measurement.
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Keywords:
TDoA; weighted least squares; firefly algorithm; hybrid-FA
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MDPI and ACS Style
Wu, P.; Su, S.; Zuo, Z.; Guo, X.; Sun, B.; Wen, X. Time Difference of Arrival (TDoA) Localization Combining Weighted Least Squares and Firefly Algorithm. Sensors 2019, 19, 2554. https://doi.org/10.3390/s19112554
AMA Style
Wu P, Su S, Zuo Z, Guo X, Sun B, Wen X. Time Difference of Arrival (TDoA) Localization Combining Weighted Least Squares and Firefly Algorithm. Sensors. 2019; 19(11):2554. https://doi.org/10.3390/s19112554
Chicago/Turabian StyleWu, Peng, Shaojing Su, Zhen Zuo, Xiaojun Guo, Bei Sun, and Xudong Wen. 2019. "Time Difference of Arrival (TDoA) Localization Combining Weighted Least Squares and Firefly Algorithm" Sensors 19, no. 11: 2554. https://doi.org/10.3390/s19112554
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