On Applicability of Network Coding Technique for 6LoWPAN-based Sensor Networks
Abstract
:1. Introduction
- the proposal of the relatively simple solution allowing for the encoding of small 6LoWPAN datagrams (fragments) characterized by compressed headers and which are often changed from hop-to-hop,
- the reduction of the number of signaling messages keeping the NC usefulness for the WSNs, and
- the implementation and verification of the NC proposal in a real 6LoWPAN-based testbed.
2. Related Work
3. Network Coding for 6LoWPAN-Based Wireless Sensor Networks
3.1. Linear Network Coding Technique
3.2. IPv6 over Low-Power Wireless Personal Area Networks (6LoWPAN)
3.3. Network Coding for 6LoWPAN (NC6LoWPAN) WSNs
- NC6LoWPAN should be applied for unicast transmission. Most of the sensor networks are deployed to transfer unicast streams from end sensors to a border gateway (and further to the Internet or cloud) or/and from the decision center to the actuators (associated with the sensor motes).
- This technique should be easily implemented in sensor motes, possibly without any modifications in the MAC layer drivers.
- It should be optimized to minimize node’s resources utilization, i.e., it should be equipped with the operations tailored for sensor network to minimize node’s memory usage, minimize additional signaling required for encoded packets acknowledgments, and decrease the overall traffic in the WSN (what should lead to the energy consumption decrease).
Algorithm 1. Encoding Procedure at the NC Layer |
Input:CurrentNativePacket received from 6LoWPAN layer, tc—current system time. |
Output:OutputPacket prepared for sending to MAC layer. |
1: Initialize: NCOpportunity = FALSE |
2: Read DestAddr of the CurrentNativePacket |
3: if DestAddr = UnicastAddr then |
4: Read NextHeader field of the CurrentNativePacket |
5: if NextHeader = ICMPv6 then |
6: Read MessageType of the CurrentNativePacket |
7: if MessageType = RPL or MessageType = IPv6NeighborDiscoveryTypes then |
8: OutputPacket ← CurrentNativePacket |
9: end if |
10: end if |
11: end if |
12: if DestAddr = MulticastAddr then |
13: OutputPacket ← CurrentNativePacket |
14: end if |
15: Read SrcAddr of the CurrentNativePacket |
16: if SrcAddr = CurrentNodeAddr then |
17: CurrentNodeRole ← SourceNode |
18: else |
19: CurrentNodeRole ← RelayNode |
20: end if |
21: if CurrentNodeRole = SourceNode then |
22: Read NextHopAddr from the forwarding table of the current node |
23: if NextHopAddr = DestAddr then |
24: OutputPacket ← CurrentNativePacket |
25: else |
26: BufferedNativePacket ← Copy of CurrentNativePacket |
27: BufferedNativePacket_role = SourceNode |
28: Set BufferedNativePacket_tz = tc |
29: NCBuffer ← BufferedNativePacket |
30: OutputPacket ← CurrentNativePacket |
31: end if |
32: end if |
33: if CurrentNodeRole = RelayNode then |
34: for each BufferedNativePacket ∊ NCBuffer do |
35: NCOpportunity ← Check NC opportunity (BufferedNativePacket, CurrentNativePacket) |
36: if NCOpportunity = TRUE then |
37: NetworkCodedPacket ← Encode (BufferedNativePacket, CurrentNativePacket) |
38: OutputPacket ← NetworkCodedPacket |
39: else |
40: BufferedNativePacket ← CurrentNativePacket |
41: BufferedNativePacket_role = RelayNode |
42: Set BufferedNativePacket_tp = tc |
43: Set BufferedNativePacket_tz = −1 |
44: NCBuffer ← BufferedNativePacket |
45: end if |
46: end for |
47: end if |
Algorithm 2. NC Buffer Timers Control |
Input:NCBuffer, tc—current system time, tz, tp. |
Output:OutputPacket prepared for sending to MAC layer. |
1: for each BufferedNativePacket ∊ NCBuffer do |
2: if BufferedNativePacket_role = SourceNode then |
3: if (tc − BufferedNativePacket_tz) ≥ tz then |
4: Delete BufferedNativePacket |
5: end if |
6: end if |
7: if BufferedNativePacket_role = RelayNode then |
8: if BufferedNativePacket_tz < 0 then |
9: if (tc − BufferedNativePacket_tp) ≥ tp then |
10: OutputPacket ← copy of BufferedNativePacket |
11: BufferedNativePacket_tp = −1 |
12: BufferedNativePacket_tz = tz |
13: end if |
14: else |
15: if (tc − BufferedNativePacket_tz) ≥ tz then |
16: Delete BufferedNativePacket |
17: end if |
18: end if |
19: end if |
20: end for |
Algorithm 3. Decoding Procedure at the NC Layer |
Input:ReceivedPacket—packet received from MAC layer (encoded or native 6LoWPAN packet), CurrentNodeID. |
Output:CurrentNativePacket prepared for sending to 6LoWPAN layer. |
1: Initialize: Decode, Matched = FALSE |
2: Read DispatchCode from the dispatch header of the ReceivedPacket |
3: if DispatchCode = NLAP then |
4: for i ← 1 to 2 do |
5: if NIDi = CurrentNodeID then |
6: Matched ← TRUE |
7: end if |
8: end for |
9: if Matched = TRUE then |
10: for each BufferedNativePacket ∊ NCBuffer do |
11: Decode ← Check decoding possibility (BufferedNativePacket, ReceivedPacket) |
12: if Decode = TRUE then |
13: BufferedNativePacket ← Extract BufferedNativePacket from NCBuffer |
14: end if |
15: end for |
16: if Decode = TRUE then |
17: CurrentNativePacket ← Perform decoding (BufferedNativePacket, ReceivedPacket) |
18: else |
19: Discard ReceivedPacket |
20: end if |
21: else |
22: Discard ReceivedPacket |
23: end if |
24: else |
25: CurrentNativePacket ← ReceivedPacket |
26: end if |
4. Performance of NC6LoWPAN Mechanism
- Packets type: ICMPv6 (emulate bidirectional connectionless traffic, commonly used in sensor/actuator network).
- Packet size (ICMP data): 10 Bytes (constant, arbitrary selected).
- Number of streams: varying from 1 to 7 (to check an influence of traffic volume on correctness and efficiency of the NC6LoWPAN).
- Packets inter-arrival time distribution: uniform <0.4 s, 0.45 s> (arbitrary selected, which gives average 188 bps mean data rate).
5. Conclusions and Future Work
Author Contributions
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Amanowicz, M.; Krygier, J. On Applicability of Network Coding Technique for 6LoWPAN-based Sensor Networks. Sensors 2018, 18, 1718. https://doi.org/10.3390/s18061718
Amanowicz M, Krygier J. On Applicability of Network Coding Technique for 6LoWPAN-based Sensor Networks. Sensors. 2018; 18(6):1718. https://doi.org/10.3390/s18061718
Chicago/Turabian StyleAmanowicz, Marek, and Jaroslaw Krygier. 2018. "On Applicability of Network Coding Technique for 6LoWPAN-based Sensor Networks" Sensors 18, no. 6: 1718. https://doi.org/10.3390/s18061718
APA StyleAmanowicz, M., & Krygier, J. (2018). On Applicability of Network Coding Technique for 6LoWPAN-based Sensor Networks. Sensors, 18(6), 1718. https://doi.org/10.3390/s18061718