An Energy Centric Cluster-Based Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
3. Preliminaries
3.1. Network Model and Assumptions
3.2. Energy Consumption Model
3.3. Data Aggregation Model
4. The Protocol Details
4.1. Cluster Setup Phase
Algorithm 1. Cluster Setup |
1: start (information collection) |
2: while (T1 has not expired) do |
3: BS broadcasts Hello_Msg1 |
4: Nodes receive the message |
5: Measure distance from BS |
6: si.state ← Normal |
7: Broadcast Hello_Msg |
8: Receive and update CMT |
9: end |
10: end |
4.2. Cluster-Head Election Phase
Algorithm 2. Cluster Head Election |
1: start (cluster head election among nodes) |
2: while (T2 has not expired) do |
3: state ← Candidate |
4: if (round, r == 1) then |
5: Broadcast Node_Msg |
6: Receive and update CMT[si] |
7: Find a higher rank node |
8: state ← Normal |
9: CMT[si].state ← Head |
10: Broadcast Schedule_Msg |
11: else if (round, r > 1 && si is a former cluster head of r − 1) then |
12: Find a member node with a higher rank |
13: Find missing node id |
14: Send Handover_Msg |
15: Find cluster head id |
16: state ← Normal |
17: CMT[sj].state ← Head |
18: Broadcast Schedule_Msg |
19: if (no Schedule_Msg has received) then |
20: Repeat the cluster head election process as r ==1 |
21: end |
22: end |
23: end |
24: end |
4.3. Data Transmission Phase
Algorithm 3. Data transmission. |
1: start (cluster-based hierarchical routing) |
/* intra-cluster communication |
2: while (T3 has not expired) do |
3: Piggyback rank values along with local data to cluster heads |
4: Cluster heads receive and aggregate the data |
5: end |
/* inter-cluster communication |
6: while (T4 has not expired) do |
7: if (si.state == ‘Head’) then |
8: Compute the value of rank |
9: Broadcast Route_Msg |
10: Receive and update RT |
11: if (d(si,BS) ≤ Rmax) then |
12: nexthop ← BS |
13: else |
14: Find a CH with a higher rank among less distant CHs from BS |
15: nexthop ← CH |
16: Send aggregated data |
17: end |
18: end |
19: end |
20: end |
4.3.1. Intra-Cluster Communication
4.3.2. Inter-Cluster Communication
5. Performance Evaluation
5.1. Simulation Setup
5.2. Network Lifetime
5.3. Discussion
- Periodic clustering approach of the existing protocols requires an additional energy consumption of the nodes for broadcasting and receiving a number of control messages in every round. Unlike re-clustering of the protocols, the static clusters of ECCR do not require any control message after the initial clusters formation. Hence, this saves the energy consumption of the nodes in this regard for rest of network operation.
- The cluster head elections of EADUC, HUCL and IEADUC are based on the residual energy of nodes where the average distance among the neighbor nodes has not taken into consideration. Only the residual energy of a node might not be an effective factor to select a cluster head, even though a node with a higher residual energy can sustain as a cluster head for a longer period of time. In these protocols, a node with a higher residual energy as a cluster head does not guarantee the minimum amount of energy consumption during the intra-cluster communication. It may happen due to the higher communication distance between the cluster head and member nodes. Meanwhile, the common cluster head election process of the protocols does not guarantee that only the higher residual-energy-obtained nodes are elected as the cluster heads across the network. Some of the cluster heads might have less residual energy compared to their member nodes due to the biased time T and cluster formation policies. Thus, the energy consumption among the nodes is not properly balanced, and some nodes may die quickly as a result. In contrast, our proposed cluster-head election technique is based on the ranks of the nodes and considers the residual energy and average distance among member nodes as well. Along with the balancing energy consumption of the nodes, the proposed method saves the energy of the nodes during intra-cluster communication over the network. Moreover, the piggyback and caretaker techniques in cluster-head election reduce a significant number of control messages throughout the network lifetime as in HUCL and IEADUC.
- A shortest route considering only the distance from a cluster head to the BS for data forwarding might cause the packets dropped of aggregated data packets at a certain relay node due to the lack of residual energy of the node to process the data and transmits to the next hop towards the BS, such as in EADUC. Distributing a load of aggregated packets across the network might not only increase the number of hops but also might consume an additional amount of energy of the associated cluster heads in the routes. It impacts on the overall network lifetime, such as in EADC. Instead, our adopted route selection towards the BS constructs a preferable energy-efficient route. It associates the cluster heads with higher ranks. The selection process considers the residual energy, number of member nodes, and distance from the BS. The method balances the energy consumption of the cluster heads as well as minimizes the number of average hops, which is more energy efficient in this regard.
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Protocol | Clustering | Scalability (Single-Hop or Multi-Hop) | Control Message Overhead | Steady State of the Network | Network Lifetime |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
LEACH | dynamic | single-hop | medium | very low | very low |
SEP | √ | √ | √ | low | medium |
ERP | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ |
ETSSEP | √ | √ | √ | medium | √ |
M-LEACH | √ | multi-hop | √ | low | low |
LEACH-DT | √ | √ | √ | √ | medium |
HEED | √ | √ | high | √ | low |
DCAAB [12] | √ | single-hop | √ | √ | √ |
GESC [13] | √ | multi-hop | √ | √ | medium |
ELBC [14] | static | single-hop | √ | medium | high |
ALBC [15] | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ |
DEEC | dynamic | √ | medium | low | low |
PLUC [17] | √ | multi-hop | √ | √ | √ |
EEUC | √ | √ | √ | medium | √ |
EADUC | √ | √ | high | √ | medium |
EADC | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ |
EEMDC | hybrid | √ | √ | √ | √ |
ECDC | dynamic | √ | √ | √ | √ |
ERA | √ | √ | medium | √ | high |
DHCRA | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ |
DARC | √ | √ | √ | √ | medium |
HUCL | hybrid | √ | low | high | high |
IEADUC | √ | √ | √ | √ | √ |
Message | Description |
---|---|
Hello_Msg | Tuple (selfid, clusterid), a control message of nodes’ initial information. |
Node_Msg | Tuple (selfid, selfrank, selfenergy), a control message of members’ information. |
Handover_Msg | Tuple (selfid, clusterid, headid), a control message of hand over the role of cluster head to a prospective cluster head in a cluster. |
Schedule_Msg | Tuple (schedule, order), a control message for assign the time slot for a member node to send local data to an associate cluster head. |
Route_Msg | Tuple (selfid, selfrank, selfenergy, disttoBS), a control message to collect neighbor cluster heads’ information. |
D_Msg | Tuple (selfid, clusterid, selfrank, selfenergy, ‘local data’), a local data message from a member node to associate cluster head. |
AD_Msg | Tuple (selfid, clusterid, nexthopid, ‘fused data’), an aggregated data message from a cluster head to a next hop or BS. |
Parameter | Value |
---|---|
Location of the BS | (100,250) m |
Number of nodes, N | 100 |
Initial energy, Eini | 0.5–1.5 J |
Control packet size, l | 25 bytes |
Data packet size, l | 500 bytes |
Transmitter or receiver circuitry, Eelec | 50 nJ/bit |
Data aggregation cost, Eda | 5 nJ/bit/signal |
Computation cost of rank and energy, Ecom | 5 nJ/bit/signal |
Transmit amplifier cost, εmp, if (d > d0) | 0.0013 pJ/bit/m4 |
Transmit amplifier cost, εfs, if (d ≤ d0) | 10 pJ/bit/m2 |
Diagonal length of a grid, Rd | √2 × (M/3) = 94.28 m |
Maximum transmission range, Rmax | 2 × Rd = 188.56 m |
Weight factor, α | 0.8 |
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Hosen, A.S.M.S.; Cho, G.H. An Energy Centric Cluster-Based Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks. Sensors 2018, 18, 1520. https://doi.org/10.3390/s18051520
Hosen ASMS, Cho GH. An Energy Centric Cluster-Based Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks. Sensors. 2018; 18(5):1520. https://doi.org/10.3390/s18051520
Chicago/Turabian StyleHosen, A. S. M. Sanwar, and Gi Hwan Cho. 2018. "An Energy Centric Cluster-Based Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks" Sensors 18, no. 5: 1520. https://doi.org/10.3390/s18051520
APA StyleHosen, A. S. M. S., & Cho, G. H. (2018). An Energy Centric Cluster-Based Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks. Sensors, 18(5), 1520. https://doi.org/10.3390/s18051520