Node Self-Deployment Algorithm Based on Pigeon Swarm Optimization for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Related Work
3. Preliminaries, Models, and Definitions
3.1. Preliminaries
- (1)
- A node adopts the Boolean sensing model [26], and the sensing radius of the node is fixed.
- (2)
- All nodes have the same states, including initial energy, sensing radius, and communication radius, before the node deployment. Moreover, the communication radius of the node can be adjusted according to the demand of the algorithm but should not exceed the maximum communication radius, which is determined by the physical device during the node deployment.
- (3)
- With the similar assumptions in [24] as inspiration, the sink node is fixed at the center of the water face. By contrast, the other nodes can move freely in all directions, and their real-time locations can be determined using a localization algorithm or global positioning satellite devices during the node deployment.
3.2. Related Models
3.2.1. Coverage Redundancy Ratio
3.2.2. Underwater Energy Consumption
3.3. Definitions
3.3.1. Network Coverage
3.3.2. Network Connectivity
4. Problem and Algorithm Description
4.1. Problem Description
4.2. Algorithm Description
4.2.1. Pigeon Swarm Optimization Algorithm
4.2.2. PSA Process Description
- Step 1.
- After the one-hop node si moves to the calculated position, all the other one-hop nodes set their layer number, level(si), to 1; the corresponding layer width, width(level(si)), to the initial communication radius, ; and the broadcast radius, Rb(si), to . Then, they broadcast their information, (ID, level(si)).
- Step 2.
- The node sj receiving the information compares the layer number with that of si. If the layer number is greater than that of si, then level(sj) is set to level(si) + 1 and Rb(sj), and width(level(sj)) are set to Rb(si).
- Step 3.
- The node sj broadcasts the information level(sj), and the nodes having the same layer number as sj reply the distance between the sink node and themselves to sj. Then, sj compares the distance with its distance to the sink node, d(sj,Sink), to determine if d(sj,Sink) is the minimum value among the distances of the nodes relaying the distance to sj. Consequently, sj becomes a cluster head node and broadcasts the information Mc. By contrast, sj enters the stage of waiting message. In time T, if sj receives Mc, then sj becomes a common node and broadcasts Mnc. If sj receives Mnc, then sj ignores the distance a node sent and compares its distance to the sink node with that of the nodes, except the node sending Mnc. sj also becomes the cluster head node when sj waits for time T. The common node then joins into the cluster, which is the closest to it, and the nodes in current layer update the broadcast radius Rb(sj),
- Step 4.
- Each node sj in the current layer broadcasts the information (level(sj), cluster head node or not). For the node receiving the information, the node whose layer number is greater than level(sj) proceeds to Step 2 and clusters with the residual nodes. The node whose layer number is less than level(sj), relays the information (self is cluster head node or not) to the cluster head node and ignores the information the common nodes send. The cluster head node in the current layer selects the closest cluster head node in the last layer as the next-hop node. If it does not receive the information of the cluster head node in the last layer, then it selects the closest common node in the last layer as the next-hop node.
- (1)
- The pigeons are initialized. The Np initial positions of the pigeons are determined using the rule for initializing the pigeon swarm.
- (2)
- The fitness of each individual is calculated. The fitness values are sorted according to the following rule: the fitness values of the individuals beyond the solution space are less than those in the solution space. The individual with the minimum fitness is selected as the global optimal solution, Xg, in the current iteration. When several individuals have the same minimum fitness, the individual with the minimum distance to the sink node is selected as Xg.
- (3)
- The position of the pigeon is updated using Equations (8) and (9), the fitness value is calculated, and Xg is updated according to Step (2).
- (4)
- If the value of the current iteration is not equal to the maximum number of iterations, N1, then Step (3) is repeated.
- (5)
- The solution space based on Equations (10)–(12) is searched locally, and Xg is updated.
- (6)
- If the number of iterations is not N2, then Step (5) is repeated.
- (7)
- Xg is the deployment location of node si.
Algorithm 1. Optimizing the Position of the Cluster-in Nodes. | ||
Input: set of cluster-in nodes Sc(sk), original position of the cluster-in nodes Po(sk). Output: deployed position of the cluster-in node Pd(sk). 1: Initialize Pd(sk) = zeros(|Sc(sk)|, 3), SND, SCD = sk; 2: while Sc(sk) 3: calculate the CRR of the node in Sc(sk); 4: si = the node with the minimum CRR; 5: poriginal(si) = [xoriginal, yoriginal, zoriginal] according to Po(sk); 6: assuming that pdeployed(si) = [xdeployed,ydeployed,zdeployed] and build the fitness function; 7: initialize N1, N2, Np, G, and the search range; 8: initialize the position Xj and the speed Vj of each pigeon individual j; 9: calculate the fitness2 of each pigeon individual; 10: Xg = arg min[fitness2(Xj)]; 11: for Nt = 1 to N1 do 12: for i = 1 to Np do 13: calculate Vi and Xi according to Equations (8) and (9); 14: end for 15: evaluate Xi, and update Xg; 16: end for 17: for Nt = 1 to N2 do 18: if Np > 1 19: rank the fitness2; 20: Np = Np/2; 21: removed the half of pigeons with a lower fitness2; 22: calculate Xc according to Equation (11); 23: for i = 1 to Np do (remaining pigeons) 24: calculate Vi and Xi according to Equation (12); 25: end 26: evaluate Xi, and update Xg; 27: end if 28: end for 29: record Xg into Pd(sk), namely, update the value of corresponding row in Pd(sk); 30: Sc(sk) = Sc(sk) − si; 31: SND = SND si; 32: SCD = SCD si; 33: end while; | ||
Notice: Po(sk) and Pd(sk) are the matrix with the size |Sc(sk)| × 3, and Po(sk) = [Poriginal(s1); Poriginal(s2);⋯, Poriginal(si)]. In addition, zeros(|Sc(sk)|, 3) is the matrix whose element is zero and whose size is size |Sc(sk)| × 3. |
5. Algorithm Analysis
5.1. Time Complexity of PSOA
5.2. Time Complexity of PSA
6. Simulation and Performance Analysis
6.1. Simulation Scenario and Parameter Settings
- (1)
- With the method of obtaining the optimal hot spot radius in [34] as basis, the minimum communication radius in this study is set to 12.5 m. The maximum communication radius is set to thrice that of Rs to be consistent with the simulation conditions of TVFDA.
- (2)
- The parameter G is set to 0.2, Vmax is set to 0.15 times that of the length of the target area, N1, N2 is respectively set to 35 and 30, and Np is set to 55 after several experiments on solving the fitness function. (The process is not described in detail in this paper because the experiment is not the point of the problem studied in the paper).
- (3)
- According to [35], the distance between the node and the boundary is 0.866Rs when the full coverage of the network is achieved. This distance is adopted in this study; that is, cboarder is set to 0.866Rs.
- (4)
- The parameter of the communication energy consumption model and other parameters are set as shown in Table 2.
6.2. Simulation
7. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
Author Contributions
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameters | Symbol |
---|---|
Target area size | size |
Population number | Np |
Iteration number of the map and compass operator model | N1 |
Iteration number of the landmark model | N2 |
Average number of neighbor | Na |
Average number of non-cluster head node | Nci |
Minimum communication radius |
Parameter | Value |
---|---|
Length of data packet Lb | 150 bit |
Carrier frequency Fr | 24 kHZ |
Energy consumption of data reception Pr | 20 mW |
Data transmission speed underwater Vt | 1000 bit/s |
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Yu, S.; Xu, Y.; Jiang, P.; Wu, F.; Xu, H. Node Self-Deployment Algorithm Based on Pigeon Swarm Optimization for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks. Sensors 2017, 17, 674. https://doi.org/10.3390/s17040674
Yu S, Xu Y, Jiang P, Wu F, Xu H. Node Self-Deployment Algorithm Based on Pigeon Swarm Optimization for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks. Sensors. 2017; 17(4):674. https://doi.org/10.3390/s17040674
Chicago/Turabian StyleYu, Shanen, Yiming Xu, Peng Jiang, Feng Wu, and Huan Xu. 2017. "Node Self-Deployment Algorithm Based on Pigeon Swarm Optimization for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks" Sensors 17, no. 4: 674. https://doi.org/10.3390/s17040674
APA StyleYu, S., Xu, Y., Jiang, P., Wu, F., & Xu, H. (2017). Node Self-Deployment Algorithm Based on Pigeon Swarm Optimization for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks. Sensors, 17(4), 674. https://doi.org/10.3390/s17040674