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Diversity
Volume 18
Issue 1
10.3390/d18010024
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Artificial Cultivation Reshapes Soil Nutrient Heterogeneity, Microbial Community Structure, and Multi-Nutrient Cycling Drivers of the Endangered Medicinal Plant Sinopodophyllum hexandrum

by
Lin Xu
1,*,†,
Penghui Guo
1,†,
Wen Luo
2,†,
Zhihong He
1,
Aiai Ma
1,
Hanyue Wang
1,
Xinru Chen
1 and
Liqin Na
1
1
School of Life Sciences and Engineering, Northwest Minzu University, Lanzhou 730070, China
2
School of Life Science and Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology, Lanzhou 730050, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Diversity 2026, 18(1), 24; https://doi.org/10.3390/d18010024
Submission received: 13 November 2025 / Revised: 23 December 2025 / Accepted: 26 December 2025 / Published: 31 December 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Microbial Diversity and Culture Collections)
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Abstract

Artificial cultivation of the endangered medicinal plant Sinopodophyllum hexandrum is a key strategy for resource protection and supply, yet cultivation can cause soil degradation and microbial disorder, while the effect of cultivation on the microbial community and its relationship with soil nutrients remains unclear. This study aimed to explore the effects of artificial cultivation on the soil–microorganism–nutrient cycling system of Sinopodophyllum hexandrum, a rare medicinal plant. We compared three groups (Native-wild, Mix-wild, Mix-cultivated) by analyzing soil physicochemical properties, microbial diversity, community structure, co-occurrence networks, and multi-nutrient cycling drivers. Geographic position drove spatial (landscape scale) heterogeneity of soil nutrients, while cultivation shaped its vertical (soil depth) counterpart. Cultivation altered the natural vertical nutrient pattern via surface fertilization, causing nutrient surface retention. Microbial communities exhibited wild-specific/cultivation-specific responses, bacteria were slightly more sensitive to cultivation effect than fungi. Cultivation altered microbial network complexity depending on the host and increased instability, with only bacterial network associations correlating with soil factors. Fungal diversity and specific taxa became core drivers of multi-nutrient cycling. This study clarifies cultivation’s regulatory mechanism on S. hexandrum’s soil–microorganism system, providing a basis for optimizing cultivation management and protecting this endangered species.
Keywords: Sinopodophyllum hexandrum; artificial cultivation; microbial community Sinopodophyllum hexandrum; artificial cultivation; microbial community
Graphical Abstract

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MDPI and ACS Style

Xu, L.; Guo, P.; Luo, W.; He, Z.; Ma, A.; Wang, H.; Chen, X.; Na, L. Artificial Cultivation Reshapes Soil Nutrient Heterogeneity, Microbial Community Structure, and Multi-Nutrient Cycling Drivers of the Endangered Medicinal Plant Sinopodophyllum hexandrum. Diversity 2026, 18, 24. https://doi.org/10.3390/d18010024

AMA Style

Xu L, Guo P, Luo W, He Z, Ma A, Wang H, Chen X, Na L. Artificial Cultivation Reshapes Soil Nutrient Heterogeneity, Microbial Community Structure, and Multi-Nutrient Cycling Drivers of the Endangered Medicinal Plant Sinopodophyllum hexandrum. Diversity. 2026; 18(1):24. https://doi.org/10.3390/d18010024

Chicago/Turabian Style

Xu, Lin, Penghui Guo, Wen Luo, Zhihong He, Aiai Ma, Hanyue Wang, Xinru Chen, and Liqin Na. 2026. "Artificial Cultivation Reshapes Soil Nutrient Heterogeneity, Microbial Community Structure, and Multi-Nutrient Cycling Drivers of the Endangered Medicinal Plant Sinopodophyllum hexandrum" Diversity 18, no. 1: 24. https://doi.org/10.3390/d18010024

APA Style

Xu, L., Guo, P., Luo, W., He, Z., Ma, A., Wang, H., Chen, X., & Na, L. (2026). Artificial Cultivation Reshapes Soil Nutrient Heterogeneity, Microbial Community Structure, and Multi-Nutrient Cycling Drivers of the Endangered Medicinal Plant Sinopodophyllum hexandrum. Diversity, 18(1), 24. https://doi.org/10.3390/d18010024

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