Structure, Growth and Histology of Gnathal Elements in Dunkleosteus (Arthrodira, Placodermi), with a Description of a New Species from the Famennian (Upper Devonian) of the Tver Region (North-Western Russia)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
Institutional Abbreviations
3. Geographical and Geological Setting
4. Results
4.1. General Morphology and Terminology
4.2. Histological Studies
4.2.1. Previous Histological Studies of Gnathal Elements in the Dunkleosteidae
4.2.2. Histology of the Gnathal Elements in Dunkleosteidae Indet
4.3. Systematic Status of KMA 4155
4.4. Intraspecific Variation in the Oral Division of Dunkleosteus terrelli
5. Systematic Paleontology
Placodermi McCoy, 1848 |
Arthrodira Woodward, 1891 |
Pachyosteomorphi Stensiö, 1944 |
Superfamily Dunkleosteoidea Vézina, 1990 |
Family Dunkleosteidae Stensiö, 1963 |
Genus Dunkleosteus Lehman, 1956 |
Dunkleosteus tuderensis Lebedev, sp. nov. |
- Etymology. The specific epithet tuderensis refers to the locality of the discovery of the holotype specimen on the bank of the Maliy (Minor) Tuder River in the Tver Region of Russia.
- Holotype. KMA 4155, oral division of a left infragnathal.
- Provenance. Left bank of Maliy Tuder River about 200 m to the north–northwest of the currently abandoned Bilovo village, Toropets District, Tver Region, north-western Russia; Bilovo Formation, (?) Lower-Middle Famennian, Upper Devonian.
- Diagnosis. Symphyseal odontoid short, its height three times smaller than greatest depth of the oral division from the base of the odontoid. Axis of symphyseal odontoid perpendicular to the occlusal margin. Occlusal margin almost straight, with posterior corner gently elevated. Intermediate odontoid poorly developed (vestigial), its buttress hardly discernible. Lingual shelf of the lingual fossa low, the anterior and posterior fossae grade smoothly into one another.
- Remarks. Characters related to the structure of the occlusal margin are important because, despite their variability in Dunkleosteus terrelli, they reflect the structure of the anterior and posterior supragnathal elements and interaction between the upper and lower jaw elements, reflected in a number of characters.
- Description (Figure 14 and Figure 15; Supplementary Figure S2, in greyscale, to present the specimen in higher resolution and contrast).
5.1. General Morphology
5.2. Superficial Microstructure
5.3. Internal Structure
5.4. Vascular System
6. Discussion
6.1. Growth of Arthrodire Gnathal Elements
6.2. Resorption Field
6.3. Microanatomy and Histology of the Gnathal Bones
7. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
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Lebedev, O.A.; Engelman, R.K.; Skutschas, P.P.; Johanson, Z.; Smith, M.M.; Kolchanov, V.V.; Trinajstic, K.; Linkevich, V.V. Structure, Growth and Histology of Gnathal Elements in Dunkleosteus (Arthrodira, Placodermi), with a Description of a New Species from the Famennian (Upper Devonian) of the Tver Region (North-Western Russia). Diversity 2023, 15, 648. https://doi.org/10.3390/d15050648
Lebedev OA, Engelman RK, Skutschas PP, Johanson Z, Smith MM, Kolchanov VV, Trinajstic K, Linkevich VV. Structure, Growth and Histology of Gnathal Elements in Dunkleosteus (Arthrodira, Placodermi), with a Description of a New Species from the Famennian (Upper Devonian) of the Tver Region (North-Western Russia). Diversity. 2023; 15(5):648. https://doi.org/10.3390/d15050648
Chicago/Turabian StyleLebedev, Oleg A., Russell K. Engelman, Pavel P. Skutschas, Zerina Johanson, Moya M. Smith, Veniamin V. Kolchanov, Kate Trinajstic, and Valeriy V. Linkevich. 2023. "Structure, Growth and Histology of Gnathal Elements in Dunkleosteus (Arthrodira, Placodermi), with a Description of a New Species from the Famennian (Upper Devonian) of the Tver Region (North-Western Russia)" Diversity 15, no. 5: 648. https://doi.org/10.3390/d15050648