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Brief Report

Morphology, Phylogeny, and Pathogenicity of Colletotrichum Species Causing Anthracnose in Camellia japonica in China

by
Lixia Wen
1,2 and
He Li
1,2,*
1
Key Laboratory of National Forestry and Grassland Administration for Control of Diseases and Pests of South Plantation, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
2
Hunan Provincial Key Laboratory for Control of Forest Diseases and Pests, Central South University of Forestry and Technology, Changsha 410004, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Diversity 2023, 15(4), 516; https://doi.org/10.3390/d15040516
Submission received: 19 January 2023 / Revised: 23 March 2023 / Accepted: 29 March 2023 / Published: 3 April 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Advances in Plant-Pathogen Interactions)
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Abstract

:
Camellia japonica is a renowned flower and an influential plant in Chinese urban landscaping. However, Colletotrichum, one of the world’s most commercially important phytopathogenic genera that causes anthracnose on a wide range of plant species, have annually caused significant economic losses to Ca. japonica. In this study, 115 strains were isolated from Ca. japonica leaves with typical symptoms from the provinces of Hunan, Jiangxi, Hainan, Guangxi, Hubei, Chongqing, Guizhou, and Shanxi. They were then subjected to pathogen identification and using method of morphology combined with ApMat gene sequence analysis, along with the pathogenicity tests based on Koch’s postulates. The 115 strains were identified as C. gloeosporioides, C. fructicola, C. siamense, C. camelliae or C. aeschynomenes. Pathogenicity tests revealed that all species produced brown lesions on healthy Ca. japonica leaves, indicating significant virulence. Furthermore, C. fructicola had the broadest distribution and the highest isolation rate., Most importantly, this is the first report in China of C. aeschynomenes causing the anthracnose disease in Ca. japonica.

1. Introduction

Camellia japonica is one of the ten traditional famous flowers and an important plant in urban landscaping in China. Its cultivation has a long history and it has high ornamental and economic value [1]. Ca. japonica contains high concentrations of saponins, tannins, flavonoids, and other active compounds that have health-promoting and disease-prevention properties. [2]. Ca. japonica plants have been highlighted as exhibiting antimicrobial (antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral) and antitumoral activity, as well as antioxidant properties and biological activity [3]. Moreover, these plants’ flowers are tonic, astringent, hemostatic, antihemorrhagic, and the leaves have a high concentration of anti-inflammatory compounds [2,3]. Thus, the development of the Ca. japonica industry is of great significance to the national economy of China.
More than 20 Ca. japonica diseases have been recorded, including leaf spot disease, putrefaction disease, and sooty blotch, among others [4]. Anthracnose, caused by Colletotrichum spp., is one of the most serious diseases [5]. Leaves infected by Colletotrichum generally cause water-soaked lesions in the early stages of the disease. As the disease progresses, the lesions get larger and necrotic, resulting in significant yield losses [6]. However, relatively little is known about the taxonomy, genetic diversity, and pathogenicity of Ca. japonica anthracnose.
Colletotrichum can inhabit plants as a pathogen, endophyte, epiphyte, or saprobe [7,8,9,10,11]. However, until recently, Colletotrichum species identification was limited to inconsistent morphological characteristics and host relations. To date, the combination of morphology and molecular systematics has shown to be an effective identification strategy, and knowledge on taxonomy of Colletotrichum has improved [8,9,10]. Nearly all acknowledged species studied were grouped into 16 Colletotrichum species complexes [11,12]. Colletotrichum species, considered to be the main causative agents of anthracnose on Ca. Sinensis, include six known species (C. camelliae, C. cliviae, C. fioriniae, C. fructicola, C. karstii, C. siamense), three new record species (C. aenigma, C. endophytica, C. truncatum), one novel species (C. wuxiense) [9]. In a previous study, seven Colletotrichum species caused Ca. oleifera anthracnose in China [13,14]. Moreover, Colletotrichum species can be identified accurately and rapidly using the ApMat gene sequence analysis [15,16,17]. This study aimed to identify the anthracnose pathogen associated with Ca. japonica in China based on both morphological characteristics and molecular phylogeny.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Sample Collection and Isolation

In this study, the samples were collected from Ca. japonica with irregular brownish-grey lesions on leaves. Samples were collected from the Ca. japonica production fields in the Hunan, Jiangxi, Hainan, Guangxi, Hubei, Chongqing, Guizhou and Shanxi provinces in 2021. Colletotrichum species were isolated using the protocol described in [17].

2.2. Morphological Characterization

Inoculations of isolates were conducted on potato dextrose agar (PDA) plates at 28 °C for five days. The colony diameter was measured, and the growth rate of mycelium was calculated. As morphological characteristics, we measured the size, growth rate, and color of conidia and appressoria on each isolate. A 10 µL volume of spore suspension (1 × 105 spores/mL) was placed in the center of hydrophobic slides and cultured at 28 °C for 12 h to observe the formation of appressoria [17]. Three replicates were prepared per sample.

2.3. DNA Extraction, PCR Amplification, and Sequencing

To further confirm the identification, genomic DNA was extracted using the CTAB [cetyltrimethylammonium bromide] method [18]. The Apn2-Mat1-2 intergenic spacer and partial mating type (Mat1-2) (ApMat) gene region were amplified using the primer pair, Am-F2 (5′-TCATTCTACGTATGCCCG-3′) and Am-R2 (5′-CCAGAAATACACCGAACTTGC-3′) [17], under the conditions described in [18]. PCR products were sequenced by Tsingke Biotechnology Co., Ltd. (Beijing, China).

2.4. Phylogenetic Analyses

All Colletotrichum isolates were selected for ApMat sequencing and analysis [19]. The GenBank accession numbers for ApMat gene sequences of the examined Colletotrichum isolates are shown in Table 1. Nineteen reference strains were downloaded with the ApMat sequences from GenBank database (Table 1), according to recent publications of the genus. A phylogenetic tree was generated via the Neighbor-Joining method with 1000 bootstrap replications. Evolutionary analyses were conducted in MEGA7 [20].

2.5. Pathogenicity Testing

Young and healthy leaves of Ca. japonica were collected from trees growing in the greenhouse. Three isolates of each species were used for a pathogenicity test, which was performed as previously described [8,17]. The pathogen was re-isolated from the symptomatic tissue using the method described in [23].

3. Results

3.1. Phylogenetic Analyses

The sequences of 115 tested ApMat genes and other known species of Colletotrichum in GenBnak were analyzed, and the Neighbor-Joining tree was constructed. The sequence datasets for the ApMat were analyzed in combination to establish interspecific relationships within Colletotrichum. The Colletotrichum isolates’ combined species phylogeny comprising 134 sequences, including the outgroup C. theobromicola ICMP18649* (Figure 1).
Phylogenetic analyses using the Neighbor-Joining algorithm showed the 115 isolated strains were clustered into five obvious evolutionary branches with a very high support rate, i.e., C. gloeosporioides, C. fructicola, C. siamense, C. camelliae and C. aeschynomenes, including forty-five isolates of C. fructicola, fifteen isolates of C. aeschynomenes, twenty-six isolates of C. siamense, and sixteen isolates of C. camelliae. C. fructicola is the predominant species among Colletotrichum of Ca. japonica in China, accounting for 39% (n = 115) of the isolates tested. (Figure 2).

3.2. Taxonomy

  • Colletotrichum gloeosporioides (Penz.) Penz. and Sacc. 1884
Description: Colonies on PDA reaching 67–69 mm diam after five days. Colonies flat with rose edge, scattered acervuli with orange conidial ooze near center, fuscous black pigment near the edge; reverse honey with fuscous black near the edge. Chlamydospores not observed. Conidia hyaline, aseptate, smooth-walled, cylindrical, both ends bluntly rounded, 15–16.5 × 4.5–5.5 μm. Appressoria medium to dark brown, aseptate, solitary or in groups. Variable in shape, circular, clavate, ellipsoidal or irregular in outline, crenate or slightly lobed at edge, 7.5–9.5 × 5.5–6.5 μm (Figure 3).
  • Colletotrichum fructicola Priastuti, L. Cai. and K.D. Hyde. 2009.
Description: Colonies on PDA reaching 64–66 mm diam after five days. Colonies flat with entire edge, aerial mycelium dense, cottony, pale prey to white aerial mycelium and numerous black stroma scattered over the surface, grey in the center, white at the margin; reverse greyish green. Conidia hyaline, aseptate, smooth-walled, cylindrical, both ends obtuse, 14.5–16.5 × 4.9–5.5 μm (Figure 4).
  • Colletotrichum siamense Priastuti, L. Cai. and K.D. Hyde. 2009.
Description: Colonies on PDA reaching 58–61 mm diam after five days. Colonies pale yellow-white, grey, dense cottony aerial mycelium with orange acervular conidiomata at the center; reverse pale yellowish. Conidia hyaline, aseptate, smooth-walled, fusiform to cylindrical, both ends bluntly rounded, 14–15.5 × 4.9–5.2 μm. Appressoria dark brown, solitary, circular, entire to crenate margin, 7.5–10 × 5–6.5 μm (Figure 5).
  • Colletotrichum camelliae Massee. 2012
Description: Colonies on PDA reaching 53–56 mm diam after five days. Colonies flat with entire edge, aerial mycelium white, cottony, sparse; reverse white at first, then grey to black at the center. Conidia hyaline, smooth-walled, guttulate, cylindrical with obtuse ends, sometimes narrowed at the center or towards the base, 14–17 × 4.5–5.5 μm. Appressoria irregularly shaped, clavate, crenate, lobed, brown to dark brown, solitary, branched, catenate, with age sometimes complex chlamydospore-like structures develop, 8–11.5 × 5–8.5 μm (Figure 6).
  • Colletotrichum aeschynomenes B.S. Weir, P.R. Johnston, and U. Damm. 2012
Description: Colonies on PDA reaching 63–67 mm diam after five days. Colonies pale light grey color with dense cottony aerial mycelium and white to orange conidial masses at the center. Conidia hyaline, aseptate, fusiform to cylindrical, both ends bluntly rounded, 7–9 × 17.5–24 μm. Appressoria were brown, mostly elliptic to cuboid, deeply lobed, 9–11.5 × 9.5–13 μm (Figure 7).

3.3. Pathogenicity Assay

In the pathogenicity tests, C. gloeosporioides, C. fructicola, C. siamense, C. camelliae, and C. aeschynomenes developed brown lesions on wounded leaves after three days, whereas the controls exhibited no symptoms (Figure 8). Koch’s postulates were confirmed by reisolating the same fungi and verifying its colony and morphological characteristics.

4. Discussion

Ca. japonica anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum fungi in China was observed as a common disease. Taking this into account, an investigation of Ca. japonica diseases in China was carried out. A total of 115 isolates were obtained from eight Ca. japonica tree plantations in eight provinces, representing the broad geographical distribution of camellia tree plantations in China. Identification of our collections was processed based on isolates from symptomatic leaves of Ca. japonica using ApMat gene, as well as morphological characteristics. The results showed the isolates identified as C. gloeosporioides, C. fructicola, C. siamense, C. camelliae and C. aeschynomenes, as previously described [24,25,26,27]. However, some species of Gloeosporium theae-sinensis, C. aenigma, C. aracearum and C. camelliae-japoncae were not isolated in this study [28,29,30,31]. Further research is needed to find more species of pathogens.
Colletotrichum is one of the most significant plant within the pathogenic fungi genera, with 200 or more species known to cause diseases in plants and crops across the world [7]. Weir et al. [32] characterized the taxonomy of C. gloeosporioides species complex based on multi-gene and morphological features, which was a significant taxonomic breakthrough. They incorporated multiple gene regions in their phylogenetic analyses, but heavily relied on ACT, CAL, CHS1, GAPDH and ITS gene-regions to redefine species boundaries within this species complex [5,6,9,10,22]. The ITS sequences of Colletotrichum species complex have been considered to be an insufficient variable to reliably distinguish between the different members [33]. In addition, the ApMat marker gene has been used to resolve and improve the systematic classification of Colletotrichum species complexes [15,16,17,19,24]. In this study, phylogenetic analysis was performed on ApMat gene sequences and the 115 isolates were clustered into five obvious evolutionary branches with a very high support rate. Among them, C. fructicola exhibited the most widespread distribution and the highest isolated rate. This is probably because C. fructicola has stronger adaptability to heterogenous habitat.
Pathogenicity experiments of five Colletorchum species from Ca. japonica revealed that all species were capable of infecting wounded leaves. C. gloeosporioides, C. fructicola and C. aeschynomenes were the most virulent. Interestingly, the major pathogens of Ca. japonica anthracnose were found to be distinct in different provinces. This is the first report of C. aeschynomenes causing anthracnose disease in Ca. japonica in China. Further studies will be needed to understand how the disease can be controlled.

5. Conclusions

Five Colletotrichum species on Ca. japonica were described and illustrated. This is the first report of C. aeschynomenes causing anthracnose in Ca. japonica in China. Pathogenicity tests indicated that there were significant differences in virulence among the five Colletotrichum species when inoculated on the leaves of Ca. japonica. This study provides valuable information for the identification and control of this plant disease.

Author Contributions

Experiments, L.W.; Writing—original draft preparation, L.W.; Writing—review and editing, L.W. and H.L. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was funded by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (32071765).

Institutional Review Board Statement

Not applicable.

Data Availability Statement

All sequence data are available in NCBI GenBank following the accession numbers in the manuscript.

Acknowledgments

We are grateful for the assistance of Qin Yang and Song Sheng.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Figure 1. Phylogenetic tree based on ApMat gene sequences using the Neighbor-Joining method in MEGA7 with 1000 bootstrap replications. The isolates obtained in this study are marked in bold. The corresponding sequences for the reference species were retrieved from NCBI GenBank. The numbers at nodes represent their bootstrap support. *: type strain.
Figure 1. Phylogenetic tree based on ApMat gene sequences using the Neighbor-Joining method in MEGA7 with 1000 bootstrap replications. The isolates obtained in this study are marked in bold. The corresponding sequences for the reference species were retrieved from NCBI GenBank. The numbers at nodes represent their bootstrap support. *: type strain.
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Figure 2. Isolation Rate (IR%) of Colletotrichum species isolated from Ca. japonica leaves.
Figure 2. Isolation Rate (IR%) of Colletotrichum species isolated from Ca. japonica leaves.
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Figure 3. C. gloeosporioides (CQGX 24-1). (a) Colony on PDA. (b) Reverse side of the colony on PDA. (c) Conidia. (d–f) Appressoria. Scale bars = 10 μm.
Figure 3. C. gloeosporioides (CQGX 24-1). (a) Colony on PDA. (b) Reverse side of the colony on PDA. (c) Conidia. (d–f) Appressoria. Scale bars = 10 μm.
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Figure 4. Colletotrichum fructicola (HNHH7-1). (a) Colony on PDA. (b) Reverse side of the colony on PDA. (c) Conidia. (d–f) Appressoria. Scale bars = 10 μm.
Figure 4. Colletotrichum fructicola (HNHH7-1). (a) Colony on PDA. (b) Reverse side of the colony on PDA. (c) Conidia. (d–f) Appressoria. Scale bars = 10 μm.
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Figure 5. Colletotrichum siamense (CQFJ6-3). (a) Colony on PDA. (b) Reverse side of the colony on PDA. (c,d) Conidia. (e,f) Appressoria. Scale bars = 10 μm.
Figure 5. Colletotrichum siamense (CQFJ6-3). (a) Colony on PDA. (b) Reverse side of the colony on PDA. (c,d) Conidia. (e,f) Appressoria. Scale bars = 10 μm.
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Figure 6. Colletotrichum camelliae (JXGZ18-1). (a) Colony on PDA. (b) Reverse side of the colony on PDA. (c) Conidia. (d–f) Appressoria. Scale bars = 10 μm.
Figure 6. Colletotrichum camelliae (JXGZ18-1). (a) Colony on PDA. (b) Reverse side of the colony on PDA. (c) Conidia. (d–f) Appressoria. Scale bars = 10 μm.
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Figure 7. Colletotrichum aeschynomenes (GXNN4-1). (a) Colony on PDA. (b) Reverse side of the colony on PDA. (c) Conidia. (d–f) Appressoria. Scale bars = 10 μm.
Figure 7. Colletotrichum aeschynomenes (GXNN4-1). (a) Colony on PDA. (b) Reverse side of the colony on PDA. (c) Conidia. (d–f) Appressoria. Scale bars = 10 μm.
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Figure 8. Pathogenicity of five Colletotrichum species from Ca. japonica leaves. (a) Induced symptoms on non-wounded Ca. japonica leaves after 3 days. (b). The virulence of the isolates was evaluated by measuring the diameters of the necrotic lesions.
Figure 8. Pathogenicity of five Colletotrichum species from Ca. japonica leaves. (a) Induced symptoms on non-wounded Ca. japonica leaves after 3 days. (b). The virulence of the isolates was evaluated by measuring the diameters of the necrotic lesions.
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Table
Table 1. GenBank accession numbers of nucleotide sequences used in this study.
Table 1. GenBank accession numbers of nucleotide sequences used in this study.
TaxonIsolate
Designation		HostGeographic LocationApMat
GenBank		References
C. camelliaeLF152Camellia sp.ChinaKJ954506.1[21]
LF790Cinamomum zeylanicumIndiaKU239747.1Direct Submission
LC1364 *Camellia sinensisChinaKJ954497.1[21]
HNCS1Camellia japonicaChinaOQ198468In this study
HNCS4Camellia japonicaChinaOQ198469In this study
HNCS10Camellia japonicaChinaOQ198470In this study
HNCS11Camellia japonicaChinaOQ198471In this study
JXGZ18-1Camellia japonicaChinaOQ198472In this study
JXGZ18-2Camellia japonicaChinaOQ198473In this study
JXGZ25-2Camellia japonicaChinaOQ198474In this study
JXNC4-1Camellia japonicaChinaOQ198475In this study
JXNC4-2Camellia japonicaChinaOQ198476In this study
JXNC14-1Camellia japonicaChinaOQ198477In this study
JXNC14-2Camellia japonicaChinaOQ198478In this study
JXNC15-2Camellia japonicaChinaOQ198479In this study
JXNC17-1Camellia japonicaChinaOQ198480In this study
JXNC17-2Camellia japonicaChinaOQ198481In this study
JXNC23-2Camellia japonicaChinaOQ198482In this study
JXNC24-1Camellia japonicaChinaOQ198483In this study
C. siamenseAGMy0249Citrus pennivesiculataBangladeshKX578769.1[22]
LC0034Coffee berryThailandJQ899288.1Direct Submission
HJMLoropetalum chinenseChinaMG717312.1Direct Submission
GL12-3PlumChinaOM816816.1Direct Submission
GYLMagnolia grandifloraChinaMG717298.1Direct Submission
LF148Camellia sp.ChinaKJ954504.1[21]
DBST-1Cycas debaoensisChinaMT786728.1Direct Submission
EIPP77CoffeeChinaMK344209.1Direct Submission
ICMP18649 *Coffea arabicaChinaJQ899289[21]
HNCS3Camellia japonicaChinaOQ198484In this study
HNCS5Camellia japonicaChinaOQ198485In this study
HNYY39-1Camellia japonicaChinaOQ198486In this study
HNHH2-1Camellia japonicaChinaOQ198487In this study
HNHH2-2Camellia japonicaChinaOQ198488In this study
HNHH9-2-1Camellia japonicaChinaOQ198489In this study
HNHH10-1Camellia japonicaChinaOQ198490In this study
JXXY7-1Camellia japonicaChinaOQ198491In this study
JXNC15-1Camellia japonicaChinaOQ198492In this study
GXNN5-1Camellia japonicaChinaOQ198493In this study
GXNN7-2Camellia japonicaChinaOQ198494In this study
GXNN9-2Camellia japonicaChinaOQ198495In this study
GXNN18-1Camellia japonicaChinaOQ198496In this study
GXNN22-1Camellia japonicaChinaOQ198497In this study
GXNN22-2Camellia japonicaChinaOQ198498In this study
GXNN23-1-1Camellia japonicaChinaOQ198499In this study
GXNN23-1-2Camellia japonicaChinaOQ198500In this study
GXNN23-2-1Camellia japonicaChinaOQ198501In this study
GXNN23-2-2Camellia japonicaChinaOQ198502In this study
CQFJ1-1-1Camellia japonicaChinaOQ198503In this study
CQFJ6-3Camellia japonicaChinaOQ198504In this study
CQFJ6-4Camellia japonicaChinaOQ198505In this study
CQFJ20-1Camellia japonicaChinaOQ198506In this study
CQFJ22-2Camellia japonicaChinaOQ198507In this study
CQFJ26-1Camellia japonicaChinaOQ198508In this study
GZTR2-2Camellia japonicaChinaOQ198509In this study
C. gloeosporioidesLF318Ca. sinensisChinaKJ954541.1[21]
ICMP1782 *Citrus sinensisItalyJQ807843[21]
HNCS7Camellia japonicaChinaOQ198510In this study
JXNC9-2Camellia japonicaChinaOQ198511In this study
HBWH9-1Camellia japonicaChinaOQ198512In this study
HBWH9-2Camellia japonicaChinaOQ198513In this study
HBWH13-1Camellia japonicaChinaOQ198514In this study
HBWH13-2Camellia japonicaChinaOQ198515In this study
GXNN16-1Camellia japonicaChinaOQ198516In this study
CQGX1-1Camellia japonicaChinaOQ198517In this study
CQGX1-2Camellia japonicaChinaOQ198518In this study
CQGX17-1Camellia japonicaChinaOQ198519In this study
CQGX21-2Camellia japonicaChinaOQ198520In this study
CQGX24-1Camellia japonicaChinaOQ198521In this study
CQGX24-2Camellia japonicaChinaOQ198522In this study
C. aeschynomenesICMP1767 *Aeschynomene viginicaChinaKM360145.1[21]
HNTJ20-1Camellia oleiferaChinaMZ8321172.1[17]
HNCS8Camellia japonicaChinaOQ198523In this study
HNCS12Camellia japonicaChinaOQ198524In this study
HNCS13Camellia japonicaChinaOQ198525In this study
JXPX17-2Camellia japonicaChinaOQ198526In this study
JXXY18-1-2Camellia japonicaChinaOQ198527In this study
GXNN4-1Camellia japonicaChinaOQ198528In this study
GXNN9-1Camellia japonicaChinaOQ198529In this study
GXNN11-1Camellia japonicaChinaOQ198530In this study
GXNN12-1-1Camellia japonicaChinaOQ198531In this study
GXNN12-1-2Camellia japonicaChinaOQ198532In this study
GXNN12-2Camellia japonicaChinaOQ198533In this study
GXNN15-1Camellia japonicaChinaOQ198534In this study
GXNN18-2-1Camellia japonicaChinaOQ198535In this study
GXNN20-1Camellia japonicaChinaOQ198536In this study
GXNN20-2Camellia japonicaChinaOQ198537In this study
C. theobromicolaICMP18649 *Theobroma cacaoPanamaKC790726[21]
C. fructicolaLF896Ca. sinensisChinaKJ954624.1[21]
LC0033Coffea arabicaIndiaJQ807838.1Direct Submission
ICMP18581 *Coffea arabicaThailandJQ07838[21]
HNCS9Camellia japonicaChinaOQ198538In this study
HNYY3.24Camellia japonicaChinaOQ198539In this study
HNYY9-1Camellia japonicaChinaOQ198540In this study
HNYY23-1Camellia japonicaChinaOQ198541In this study
HNYY23-2Camellia japonicaChinaOQ198542In this study
HNYY27-1Camellia japonicaChinaOQ198543In this study
HNYY27-2Camellia japonicaChinaOQ198544In this study
HNYY38-1Camellia japonicaChinaOQ198545In this study
HNYY38-2Camellia japonicaChinaOQ198546In this study
HNHH4-2Camellia japonicaChinaOQ198547In this study
HNHH7-1Camellia japonicaChinaOQ198548In this study
HNHH8-2Camellia japonicaChinaOQ198549In this study
HNHH11-2Camellia japonicaChinaOQ198550In this study
HNHH13-2Camellia japonicaChinaOQ198551In this study
JXPX7-2Camellia japonicaChinaOQ198552In this study
JXGZ5-2Camellia japonicaChinaOQ198553In this study
HBMC2-2Camellia japonicaChinaOQ198554In this study
HBMC11-2-1Camellia japonicaChinaOQ198555In this study
HBMC11-2-2Camellia japonicaChinaOQ198556In this study
HBMC25-1Camellia japonicaChinaOQ198557In this study
HBMC25-2Camellia japonicaChinaOQ198558In this study
GXNN4-2Camellia japonicaChinaOQ198559In this study
GXNN7-1Camellia japonicaChinaOQ198560In this study
CQGX8-3Camellia japonicaChinaOQ198561In this study
CQFJ1-1-2Camellia japonicaChinaOQ198562In this study
CQFJ1-2-2Camellia japonicaChinaOQ198563In this study
CQFJ5-1Camellia japonicaChinaOQ198564In this study
CQFJ5-2Camellia japonicaChinaOQ198565In this study
CQFJ10-2Camellia japonicaChinaOQ198566In this study
CQFJ22-1Camellia japonicaChinaOQ198567In this study
CQFJ26-2Camellia japonicaChinaOQ198568In this study
CQFJ27-1Camellia japonicaChinaOQ198569In this study
CQFJ27-2Camellia japonicaChinaOQ198570In this study
CQYY4-2Camellia japonicaChinaOQ198571In this study
CQYY5-2Camellia japonicaChinaOQ198572In this study
CQYY9-2Camellia japonicaChinaOQ198573In this study
CQYY12-1Camellia japonicaChinaOQ198574In this study
HNHK4-4Camellia japonicaChinaOQ198575In this study
HNHK13-2Camellia japonicaChinaOQ198576In this study
HNHK49-1Camellia japonicaChinaOQ198577In this study
GZTR12-1Camellia japonicaChinaOQ198578In this study
GZTR12-2Camellia japonicaChinaOQ198579In this study
SXQL2-2Camellia japonicaChinaOQ198580In this study
SXQL32-2Camellia japonicaChinaOQ198581In this study
SXQL36-2-1Camellia japonicaChinaOQ198582In this study
Note: the asterisk indicates the ex-type strain.
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MDPI and ACS Style

Wen, L.; Li, H. Morphology, Phylogeny, and Pathogenicity of Colletotrichum Species Causing Anthracnose in Camellia japonica in China. Diversity 2023, 15, 516. https://doi.org/10.3390/d15040516

AMA Style

Wen L, Li H. Morphology, Phylogeny, and Pathogenicity of Colletotrichum Species Causing Anthracnose in Camellia japonica in China. Diversity. 2023; 15(4):516. https://doi.org/10.3390/d15040516

Chicago/Turabian Style

Wen, Lixia, and He Li. 2023. "Morphology, Phylogeny, and Pathogenicity of Colletotrichum Species Causing Anthracnose in Camellia japonica in China" Diversity 15, no. 4: 516. https://doi.org/10.3390/d15040516

APA Style

Wen, L., & Li, H. (2023). Morphology, Phylogeny, and Pathogenicity of Colletotrichum Species Causing Anthracnose in Camellia japonica in China. Diversity, 15(4), 516. https://doi.org/10.3390/d15040516

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