Effect of Casuarina Plantations Inoculated with Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Frankia on the Diversity of Herbaceous Vegetation in Saline Environments in Senegal
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Field Study Site
2.2. Experimentation in the Field
2.3. Physicochemical Characterization of the Site
2.4. Diversity of Herbaceous Vegetation
2.5. Diversity and Regularity Indices
2.5.1. Shannon–Weaver Index
2.5.2. Evenness Measure
2.5.3. Jaccard’s Similarity Index
2.5.4. Specific Presence Contribution (S.P.C.)
2.6. Biomass
Specific Contribution Biomass (Csib)
2.7. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Physicochemical Characteristics of Soil
3.2. Effect of Inoculation with AMF/Frankia on the Growth of C. equisetifolia and C. glauca Planted in the More Saline Area in Palmarin
3.3. Effect of the Casuarina Plantation on Species Diversity and Specific Contribution below and outside Their Canopy
3.4. Coverage, Specific Richness, and Diversity Index below and outside the Casuarina Canopy
3.5. Effect of Casuarina Species on Herbaceous Biomass in Saline Conditions
3.6. Specific Contribution of Dry Biomass below and outside the Casuarina Canopy
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Height | Collar Diameter | Survival Rate | Specific Contribution Presence | Dry Biomass | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Species | ** | ns | * | ns | ns |
Inoculation | *** | ns | ** | ns | ns |
Species× Inoculation | ns | ns | ns | ns | ns |
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Analysis | pH | Salinity | Nitrogen Kjeldahl | Carbon Organic | Phosphorus Total |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
‰ | mg/kg | g/kg | mg/kg | ||
Before planting | 5.3 a | 0.45 a | 155.75 b | 2.15 b | 42.25 b |
3 years after planting (below Casuarina canopy) | 5.95 a | 0.28 b | 275 a | 3.3 a | 170 a |
Species | Treatments | Survival Rate (%) | Height (cm) | Collar Diameter (cm) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
6 months after planting | C. equisetifolia | Control | 85 b | 65.14 de | 5.45 a |
Frankia | 80 b | 68.94 cde | 6.13 a | ||
Rf | 76.67 b | 60.51 e | 6.05 a | ||
Rf + Frankia | 100 a | 73.67 bcd | 5.15 a | ||
C. glauca | Control | 73.4 b | 78.51 abc | 5.75 a | |
Frankia | 93.34 a | 79.10 abc | 6.02 a | ||
Rf | 90 a | 81.98 ab | 5.51 a | ||
Rf + Frankia | 86.67 ab | 88.00 a | 6.21 a | ||
Species | . | *** | ns | ||
Inoculation | ** | ** | ns | ||
Species*Inoculation | ns | ns | ns | ||
2 years after | C. equisetifolia | Control | 30 c | 107.81 c | 12.26 a |
Frankia | 55 b | 111.77 c | 13.87 a | ||
Rf | 47.5 b | 168.13 ab | 13.45 a | ||
Rf + Frankia | 50 b | 172.26 ab | 13.49 a | ||
C. glauca | Control | 55 b | 144.40 b | 11.30 a | |
Frankia | 67.5 a | 141.29 b | 12.31 a | ||
Rf | 45 b | 181.05 a | 15.00 a | ||
Rf + Frankia | 67.5 a | 166.98 ab | 12.30 a | ||
Species | * | * | ns | ||
Inoculation | ** | *** | ns | ||
Species*Inoculation | . | . | ns | ||
3 years after | C. equisetifolia | Control | 30 b | 125.63 c | 13.55 a |
Frankia | 55 a | 127.45 c | 14.07 a | ||
Rf | 47.5 a | 180.13 ab | 14.86 a | ||
Rf + Frankia | 50 a | 186.88 ab | 14.63 a | ||
C. glauca | Control | 55 a | 152.77 bc | 12.97 a | |
Frankia | 57 a | 163.29 abc | 15.33 a | ||
Rf | 45 a | 196.50 a | 16.52 a | ||
Rf + Frankia | 57.5 a | 192.38 a | 15.40 a | ||
Species | . | * | ns | ||
Inoculation | * | *** | ns | ||
Species*Inoculation | ns | . | ns |
Family | Genera | Species | BCC | OCC | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | |||
Poaceae | Dactyloctenium | Dactyloctenium aegyptium (L.) Willd | 0.64 | 2.96 | 2.12 | 6.03 | 3.40 | 3.87 |
Schisachyrium | Schizachyrium compressa (K. Schum.) | 3.21 | 2.59 | 5.30 | - | - | - | |
Schizachyrium rupestre (Stapf.) Stapf | - | - | - | 0.86 | 2.04 | 1.66 | ||
Chloris | Chloris prieurii Kunth | 3.85 | 3.33 | 3.53 | 3.45 | 3.40 | 5.52 | |
Chloris barbata (L.) Sw. | - | 2.96 | 2.12 | - | - | - | ||
Pennisetum | Pennisetum polystachion (L.) Schul. | - | 3.70 | 3.53 | 2.59 | 4.76 | 4.97 | |
Eragrostis | Eragrostis tenella (L.) Beauv. | 5.13 | 2.96 | 1.41 | - | - | - | |
Eragrostis tremula Hochst. Ex Steud. | 3.85 | 4.07 | 2.12 | 5.17 | 4.76 | 4.97 | ||
Eragrostis aspera (Jacq.) Nees. | 3.21 | 3.70 | 1.77 | - | - | - | ||
Paspalum | Paspalum vaginatum (L.) | 4,49 | 3.33 | 3.53 | - | - | - | |
Aristida | Aristida funiculata Trin. & Rupr. | - | 2.96 | 3.53 | 5.17 | 5.44 | 1.10 | |
Aristida mutabilis Trin. & Rupr. | - | 1.11 | 2.47 | - | - | - | ||
Digitaria | Digitaria horizontalis Willd. | 3.85 | 2.96 | 2.47 | 1.72 | 6.12 | 6.08 | |
Brachiaria | Brachiaria lata C.E. Hubb. | - | 0.37 | 0.71 | - | - | - | |
Sporobolus | Sporobolus robustus Kunth | 5.77 | 8.15 | 7.07 | 3.45 | 6.80 | 3.87 | |
Malvaceae | Hibiscus | Hibiscus rostellatus (Guill. & Perr.) | 0.64 | 1.48 | 1.41 | - | - | - |
Hibiscus asper Hook. | 3.21 | 3.33 | 7.42 | 3.45 | 2.72 | - | ||
Corchorus | Corchorus tridens L. | - | - | 0.71 | - | - | - | |
Sida | Sida alba L. | 4.49 | - | - | 3.45 | 5.44 | 3.87 | |
Cyperaceae | Fuirena | Fuirena ciliaris (L.) Roxb. | 2.56 | - | - | 0.86 | 0.68 | 5.52 |
Cyperus | Cyperus esculentus L. | 1.92 | 4.07 | 2.47 | - | 4.76 | 3.31 | |
Cyperus bulbosus Vahl. | 3.21 | 2.22 | 1.06 | 5.17 | 4.08 | 2.76 | ||
Amaranthaceae | Amaranthus | Amaranthus greacizans L. | 0.64 | 3.70 | 3.89 | 6.03 | 2.04 | 2.21 |
Philoxerus | Philoxerus vermicularis (L.) Sm. | 8.33 | 3.33 | 8.13 | 17.24 | 16.33 | 12.71 | |
Convolvulaceae | Ipomoea | Ipomoea coptica Willd. | 1.28 | 0.74 | 1.77 | 5.17 | 2.04 | 3.87 |
Ipomoea sinuata Ort. | - | - | 3.18 | - | - | - | ||
Fabaceae | Indigofera | Indigofera berhautiana JB. Gillett. | - | - | 1.06 | - | - | 1.66 |
Indigofera linifolia (Lf) Retz. | - | - | 1.06 | - | - | 2.21 | ||
Alysicarpus | Alysicarpus ovalifolius Schum.& Thonn. | 1.92 | 3.33 | 1.77 | - | - | 2.21 | |
Amaryllidaceae | Pancratium | Pancratium trianthum Herb. | - | 1.48 | 3.18 | - | - | - |
Nyctaginaceae | Boerhavia | Boerhavia repens L. | 3.21 | 4.07 | 3.53 | 3.45 | 3.40 | 3.87 |
Plantaginaceae | Scoparia | Scoparia dulcis L. | - | 3.70 | - | 5.17 | 0.68 | 1.10 |
Asteraceae | Sphaeranthus | Sphaeranthus senegalensis DC. | 7.05 | 4.44 | 1.77 | 2.59 | 5.44 | 3.87 |
Aizoaceae | Sesuvium | Sesuvium portulacastrum (L.) L. | 14.10 | 8.89 | 3.53 | 7.76 | 9.52 | 7.18 |
Acanthaceae | Hygrophila | Hygrophila senegalensis (Nees) T.A | 8.33 | 7.78 | 7.77 | 5.17 | 5.44 | 6.63 |
Rubiaceae | Spermacoce | Spermacoce verticillata L. | 5.13 | 2.22 | 3.18 | 6.03 | 0.68 | 4.97 |
Sterculiaceae | Melochia | Melochia corchorifolia L. | - | - | 0.71 | - | - | - |
BCC | OCC | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Years | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 |
Coverage (%) | 48.28 b | 67.48 a | 71.95 a | 37.57 b | 43.26 b | 45.03 b |
Specific richness | 24 b | 29 ab | 33 a | 21 b | 22 b | 24 b |
Shannon index | 1.9 b | 2.26 a | 2.39 a | 1.67 c | 1.76 c | 2.05 b |
Evenness | 0.41 | 0.46 | 0.47 | 0.38 | 0.39 | 0.44 |
BCC | OCC | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Csib | Csib | |||||
Species | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 |
Dactylotenium aegyptium (L.) Willd | 3.12 | 1.44 | 1.97 | 2.46 | 2.56 | 1.90 |
Schizachirium compressa (K. Schum.) Stapf | 1.78 | 1.65 | 3.63 | - | - | - |
Schisachyrium rupestre (Stapf) Stapf | - | - | - | 1.87 | 1.21 | 0.56 |
Chloris prieuriiKunt | 10.79 | 8.21 | 1.14 | 5.32 | 4.56 | 4.64 |
Chloris barbata (L.) Sw. | - | 10.29 | 5.43 | - | - | - |
Pennisetum polystachion (L.) Schul. | - | 2.30 | 5.99 | 3.97 | 4.75 | 3.08 |
Eragrostis tenella (L.) Beauv. | 4.24 | 2.01 | 3.41 | - | - | - |
Eragrostis tremula Hochst. Ex Steud. | 5.53 | 2.73 | 2.68 | 3.77 | 2.41 | 5.84 |
Eragrostis aspera (Jacq.) Nees. | 3.48 | 4.44 | 3.30 | - | - | - |
Paspalum vaginatum (L.) | 1.22 | 5.64 | 2.79 | - | - | - |
Aristida funiculata Trin. & Rupr. | - | 2.19 | 1.83 | 5.24 | 3.05 | 3.27 |
Aristida mutabilis Trin. & Rupr. | - | 1.22 | 4.04 | - | - | - |
Digitaria horizontalis Willd. | 2.59 | 2.48 | 1.43 | 3.10 | 3.84 | 3.70 |
Brachiaria lata (Schumach.) C.E. Hubb. | - | 2.80 | 2.38 | - | - | - |
Sporobolus robustus Kunth. | 12.97 | 4.40 | 7.80 | 4.45 | 8.07 | 4.21 |
Hibiscus rostellatus (Guill. & Perr.) | 2.28 | 0.61 | 4.65 | - | - | - |
Hibiscus asper Hook. | - | - | 0.83 | - | - | - |
Corchorus tridens L. | 0.58 | 1.13 | 2.88 | 2.82 | 3.17 | - |
Sida alba L. | 0.89 | - | - | 4.17 | 3.35 | 4.96 |
Fuirena ciliaris (L.) Roxb. | 0.53 | - | - | 3.34 | 3.77 | 3.10 |
Cyperus esculentus L. | 2.01 | 2.16 | 2.39 | - | 2.68 | 3.38 |
Cyperus bulbosus Vahl. | 2.23 | 1.72 | 2.65 | 2.30 | 3.09 | 1.85 |
Amaranthus greacizans L. | 0.94 | 1.69 | 1.20 | 3.89 | 3.77 | 2.68 |
Philoxerus vermicularis (L.) Sm. | 9.31 | 9.59 | 4.36 | 8.42 | 8.82 | 5.46 |
Alysicarpus ovalifolius Schum. & Thonn. | 1.35 | 0.74 | 0.43 | - | - | 1.42 |
Pancratium trianthum Herb. | - | 2.17 | 3.80 | - | - | - |
Boerhavia repens L. | 0.91 | 0.43 | - | 1.43 | 2.15 | 0.91 |
Scoparia dulcis L. | - | 1.37 | 0.97 | 3.97 | 4.67 | 3.91 |
Sphaeranthus senegalensis DC. | 2.18 | 1.44 | - | 3.02 | 2.26 | 3.11 |
Sesuvium portulacastrum (L.) L. | 13.35 | 12.22 | 6.57 | 16.44 | 11.99 | 7.61 |
Hygrophila senegalensis (Nees)T. Anderson | 14.67 | 9.18 | 6.54 | 12.91 | 10.06 | 7.88 |
Spermacoce verticillata L. | 1.24 | 2.23 | 4.01 | 2.66 | 2.00 | 2.20 |
Ipomoea coptica Willd. | 1.80 | 1.51 | 2.35 | 4.45 | 7.76 | 2.98 |
Ipomoea sinuata Ort. | - | - | 2.39 | - | - | - |
Indigofera berhautiana JB. Gillett. | - | - | 1.44 | - | - | 5.01 |
Indigofera linifolia (Lf) Retz. | - | - | 1.23 | - | - | 5.01 |
Melochia corchorifolia L. | - | - | 1.10 | - | - | - |
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Djighaly, P.I.; Ngom, D.; Diagne, N.; Fall, D.; Ngom, M.; Diouf, D.; Hocher, V.; Laplaze, L.; Champion, A.; Farrant, J.M.; et al. Effect of Casuarina Plantations Inoculated with Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Frankia on the Diversity of Herbaceous Vegetation in Saline Environments in Senegal. Diversity 2020, 12, 293. https://doi.org/10.3390/d12080293
Djighaly PI, Ngom D, Diagne N, Fall D, Ngom M, Diouf D, Hocher V, Laplaze L, Champion A, Farrant JM, et al. Effect of Casuarina Plantations Inoculated with Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Frankia on the Diversity of Herbaceous Vegetation in Saline Environments in Senegal. Diversity. 2020; 12(8):293. https://doi.org/10.3390/d12080293
Chicago/Turabian StyleDjighaly, Pape Ibrahima, Daouda Ngom, Nathalie Diagne, Dioumacor Fall, Mariama Ngom, Diégane Diouf, Valerie Hocher, Laurent Laplaze, Antony Champion, Jill M. Farrant, and et al. 2020. "Effect of Casuarina Plantations Inoculated with Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi and Frankia on the Diversity of Herbaceous Vegetation in Saline Environments in Senegal" Diversity 12, no. 8: 293. https://doi.org/10.3390/d12080293