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Article

Brachyuran Crabs (Decapoda) Associated with Rhodolith Beds: Spatio-Temporal Variability at Gran Canaria Island

by
Clara Sánchez-Latorre
1,
Raül Triay-Portella
2,*,
Marcial Cosme
1,
Fernando Tuya
1 and
Francisco Otero-Ferrer
1
1
Grupo en Biodiversidad y Conservación, IU-ECOAQUA, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Marine Scientific and Technological Park, Crta. Taliarte s/n, 35214 Telde, Spain
2
Grupo en Ecología Marina Aplicada y Pesquerías, I-UNAT, Universidad de Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Edificio Polivalente I, Parque Científico Tecnológico Campus Universitario de Tafira, 35017 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Spain
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Diversity 2020, 12(6), 223; https://doi.org/10.3390/d12060223
Submission received: 17 March 2020 / Revised: 20 May 2020 / Accepted: 27 May 2020 / Published: 4 June 2020
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Structure and Biodiversity of Rhodolith Seabeds)
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Abstract

:
Crustaceans are a key component of the fauna living in rhodoliths, but patterns in their distribution and abundance remain largely unknown. This paper assessed spatio-temporal variability of Brachyura associated with rhodoliths. A seasonal study was conducted at three depth layers (18, 25, and 40 m), throughout two years (December 2015 to October 2017) at Gran Canaria Island (eastern Atlantic Ocean). A total of 765 crabs belonging to 10 species were collected. A larger abundance and richness of crabs at 25 m correlated with a larger biomass of epiphytic algae attached to rhodoliths. A seasonal pattern was also observed, where a higher richness of crabs occurred in the summer. The Xanthid crab, Nanocassiope melanodactylus, dominated the assemblage (83%); juveniles of this species were more abundant in deeper waters (40 m), while adults were more abundant on the shallower depth layers (18 m and 25 m). The species Pilmunus hirtellus was restricted to 25 m. Nevertheless, Pisa carinimana and Achaeus cranchii did not show any spatio-temporal pattern. In summary, this study demonstrated that two conspicuous crabs, N. melanodactylus and P. hirtellus, associated with rhodolith beds are bathymetrically segregated.

1. Introduction

Rhodoliths are nodules of individual non-geniculate coralline red algae (Corallinales, Hapalidiales, Sporolithales: Corallinophycidae) with a calcified thallus [1]. They form relatively stable three-dimensional structures and large heterogeneous beds of biogenic substrates [2,3,4,5,6,7]. These beds are found worldwide, from the tropics to the poles, and from the intertidal zone to depths over 200 m [8,9]. Rhodoliths have relatively slow growth rates and a perennial life strategy; some thalli can even live >100 years [10].
As they are not attached to a fixed surface, individual thalli are exposed to the action of waves and currents and have the potential to be rolled over or moved on the seafloor. Hydrodynamic conditions and light are pivotal factors determining their growth, morphology, and, therefore, the overall heterogeneity of rhodolith beds [7,11]. In terms of area covered, rhodolith beds may be one of the Earth’s “Big Four” benthic communities dominated by marine macrophytes, including kelp beds, seagrass meadows, and non-geniculate coralline reefs [8]. Rhodolith beds occur in large extensions in the Canary Islands (Central-East Atlantic Ocean), but few studies addressing basic ecological questions have been carried out [11]. These habitats can be found from 15 m all the way down to 100 m depth, so large variation in the spatial configuration is expected across bathymetry [12].
Rhodolith beds have considerable ecological significance because they provide large amounts of internal space providing habitat for other algae and invertebrates, including abundant juvenile stages [3,5,7,13,14]. Hence, rhodoliths are considered habitat modifiers or “bioengineers” due to their wide variety of ecological niches and resources, compared to surrounding habitats, e.g., sandy bottoms [9]. In addition, rhodoliths provide a basal habitat for epiphytes (and fauna) to attach, which greatly increase the complexity of the entire ecosystem.
Typically, a higher biodiversity of epifauna is found in rhodolith ecosystems than over other common substrata (e.g., sandy substrates) [3,5,14,15]. Crustaceans are one of the most abundant faunal groups, which have appeared to be the dominant fauna in rhodolith beds [3,7,13,16,17]. However, few studies mention the infraorder Brachyura (i.e., true crabs) in these habitats [7,18,19,20,21], and none assessed the spatio-temporal distribution of these animals living in these three-dimensional structures.
Brachyuran crabs, also known as true crabs, are found both in marine environments and fresh waters worldwide, from coastal waters to the deep ocean [22,23]. There is an updated literature on shallow and deep brachyuran crabs from the Canary Islands [24,25]. However, few or scarce information is already published about the distribution of this faunal group in rhodolith beds [12]. The overall objective of this study was, therefore, to understand the spatio-temporal variability of brachyuran crabs associated with rhodoliths. In particular, rhodolith beds were seasonally studied (spring, summer, autumn, winter) at three depths layers through two years (i.e., eight times). Despite the fact that the effect of depth over the biology and morphology of rhodoliths has been widely studied, few works have analyzed whether the distribution and abundance of associated invertebrates change through bathymetrical gradients [17], and no study has concurrently explored variability at seasonal scales.

2. Materials and Methods

The location of this study was the east coast of Gran Canaria Island (Canary Islands, eastern Atlantic Ocean, Figure 1a) on a large rhodolith bed near Gando Bay (27°55′54″ N, 15°21′11″ W) (Figure 1b). The SST of the study site seasonally ranged around ca. 5.5 °C, with a mean (± SE) of 21.2 °C (± 0.16). Maximum SSTs were measured in early autumn, while minimums were recorded at the end of winter [26]. PAR seasonally varied ca. 42.05 E m−2 d−1, with a mean of 42.13 E m−2 d−1 (± 1.26). Maximum PAR occurred before summer, while minimum PAR occurred in winter [26]. In term of levels of hydrodynamism, the mean wave direction was predominantly from the NE (50.18°), with larger wave peak periods in winter [26]. The rhodolith bed is mainly composed by several species of red calcareous algae, e.g., Lithothamnion spp. and Phymatolithon spp. [27,28]. Typically, the size of rhodoliths (longest axis) is between 2–4 cm [26]. A previous study in the study site demonstrated that depth affected the size and morphology of rhodoliths, with bigger and mainly spherical nodules at 25, relative to those at depths of 18 m and 40 m. The biomass of epiphytic algae was generally larger at 18 and 25 m depth than at 40 m (Figure 2) [26]. Rhodolith samples (Figure 1c) were taken at each season (i.e., spring, summer, autumn and winter) for two years (2015–2017) at three different depths (18 m, 25 m, and 40 m).
More specifically, sampling took place at winter (December 2015 and 2016), spring (March 2016 and 2017), summer (July 2016 and 2017), and autumn (October 2016 and 2017). Samples were collected by SCUBA divers. On each depth layer, n = 5 random replicates (25 × 25 cm) were taken at each time (n = 120 samples for the entire study) by collecting all rhodolithic nodules up to 5 cm below the first layer of rhodoliths. SCUBA divers collected the samples by hand, which were enclosed in cloth bags and preserved in a freezer at –20 °C until sorting.
In order to remove sand and debris from rhodoliths, each sample was initially defrosted and filtered through a 0.5 mm sieve. All crabs retained by this mesh sieve were subsequently identified under a stereomicroscope (Leica, EZ4W) and preserved in alcohol. Three identification keys [29,30,31] and a checklist [21] were used in this sense. Epiphytic macroalgae were removed and subsequently dried at 70 °C for 48 h to obtain their dry weight.
For the most abundant crab species, their distribution and abundance patterns were analyzed using the average of the five replicates from each depth layer and time. To shed light into potential recruitment seasons, the carapace width was considered for the most abundant species, Nanocassiope melanodactylus (Milne-Edwards, 1867). A Chi-square then tested for differences in the size structure of these crab species between the three bathymetrical layers.
Univariate responses (taxonomic richness and abundance of the most conspicuous species and the mean size of N. melanodactylus, as well as the epiphytic algal biomass) were analyzed by means of mixed-effects generalized linear models (GLMs) to test the effect of “Depth,” “Season,” and “Year.” The first two factors were considered fixed, while year was typified as a random factor. A “negative binomial” family error structure was selected, which is ideal for over-dispersed count data [32]. In all cases, we assessed model performance (i.e., assumptions of linearity and homogeneity of variances) by visually inspecting graphical model diagnoses (QQ-plots, residuals histograms, residuals versus fitted values, and fitted values versus observed values) [33]. To select models with the largest parsimony, i.e., with or without the random effect, the AIC (Akaike Information Criterion) was obtained. Because the AIC was larger when the random effect (“Year”) was considered for univariate responses, this factor was finally not included. All modelling and testing were implemented in the R.3.6.0. statistical package, using the default packages and the “lmertest” library [32].

3. Results

In this study, a total of 765 brachyuran crabs, corresponding to 10 different species, were identified (Table 1). Nanocassiope melanodactylus accounted for more than 80% of the total abundance. Pisa carinimana (Miers, 1879), Achaeus cranchii (Leach, 1817), and Pilumnus hirtellus (Linnaeus, 1761) contributed with another ca. 10%.
At 25 m, the number of crab species was higher than at 18 and 40 m (Figure 3, Table 2, Estimate = 0.8754, p = 0.0116). A seasonal pattern was also observed; a higher richness of crabs was observed in Autumn (October, Figure 3, Table 2, estimate = 0.7419, p = 0.0443).
The abundance of N. melanodactylus was lower in summer (July 2016 and 2017) than in the other seasons (Figure 4a, Table 3, estimate = −1.0986, p = 0.0010). This pattern was irrespective of depth (Figure 4a, Table 3). The distribution of P. carinimana and A. cranchii was random, with no discernible spatio-temporal pattern (Figure 4b,c; Tables S2 and S3, respectively). Pilumnus hirtellus was present only at 25 m (Figure 4d, Table S4, estimate = 21.74687, p < 0.0001.
The size of N. melanodactylus, the most abundant crab species, changed with depth; individuals at 40 m were smaller than those at shallower waters (Figure 5c; Table 4; estimate = –0.4960, p = 0.0099). Seasonal bathymetric segregation by size occurs at summer, where large-sized crabs were only found at 25 m (Figure 5b; X2 = 42.106, df = 18, p = 0.0011), while a broad range sizes occurs at 18 m (2.5–6.0 mm CL). Conversely, the lowest mean size of crabs in autumn indicated the absence of adults in this season at all depth layers (Figure 5a–c; Table 4; estimate = −0.7900, p = 0.0003).

4. Discussion

Understanding patterns of spatial and temporal variability in the abundances of biota provides basic ecological insight, which is essential for determining priority areas for conservation in a given habitat. Our work is the first specific, though exploratory, survey on brachyuran crabs inhabiting rhodolith beds. Other studies have also annotated that crustaceans, including crabs, contribute significantly to the macrofaunal community from these habitats [17,19].
The present study has first evidenced that the assemblage of brachyuran crabs associated with rhodoliths in Gran Canaria Island is dominated by Nanocassiope melanodactylus. A basic premise of crustacean ecology states that the numerically dominant species within a biotope are generally those that are best adapted to efficiently exploit food and habitat resources [34]. From the 10 brachyurans species we found here, N. melanodactylus was the dominant species, accounting for ca. 83% of the total abundance of crabs. Rhodolith beds in the east coast of Gran Canaria Island seem, therefore, to provide an optimal habitat for the development of this Xanthid crab. In the Canary Islands, Xanthid crabs from shallow waters are a valuable resource, mainly as a bait for traditional fishing [19]. In other regions, crabs of Family Xanthidae are dominant species in intertidal rocky bottoms (e.g., Xantho poressa) [35]. Our results now highlight that another species of Xanthid crab, here, N. melanodactylus is a dominant species in rhodolith beds from Gran Canaria Island.
Second, we demonstrated that the abundance of certain crab species varied according to the sampling season (e.g., N. melanodactylus) and depth of collection (e.g., N. melanodactylus and Pilummnus hirtelus). Recent studies have revealed that ecological drivers of macrofauna associated with rhodoliths include depth (i.e., variation in light, sedimentation and turbulence across bathymetric gradients), which affect the average diameter, biomass of epiphytic macroalgae, and the density of rhodoliths [7,17,26]. In the study area, previous research has observed an increase in rhodolith size from 18 m to 25 m, followed by decrease from 25 m to 40 m [26]. As observed in this study, the biomass of epiphytic algae also varies with depth, probably linked with a larger light availability at shallower depths [36,37,38]. Increases in the heterogeneity and complexity of the available habitat through epiphytic algae attached to rhodoliths underpins a “habitat cascade” effect [39], inducing an increment in the biomass of invertebrates, e.g., amphipods [40]. Consequently, it is plausible that increased epiphytic algae can promote larger abundances of prey for brachyurans. Despite prey availability and habitat complexity may be suitable for brachyuran crabs at the shallower depth layer, the relationship between abundances of crabs and preys are difficult to describe, because other factors come into play, e.g., as agonistic behavior or reproduction [41].
At 25 m, brachyuran taxonomic richness was higher than in the shallowest (18 m) and deepest layers (40 m). This pattern somehow follows that of the most important environmental factors driving the growth of rhodolith nodules: hydrodynamic conditions and light [7,11]. The action of waves and currents are stronger at 18 m, relative to deeper waters, promoting overturning and the breakage of rhodoliths. At a depth of 40 m, even though wave disturbance is reduced, conditions are not ideal for rhodoliths to grow due to low irradiance at this depth [15]. Reductions in rhodolith epiphytic algal biomass with increasing depth was observed in the study area [7] and in other studies worldwide [4,42,43,44]. Rhodolith complexity have appeared to be a good predictor of epifaunal abundance and taxonomic richness [2,3,4,5,6,7,8], including the abundance and richness of amphipods in the study area [40]. These results support the hypothesis that increasing structural complexity leads to enhanced species diversity [45].
This work pointed out that juveniles of the dominant brachyuran species, N. melanodactylus, were majorly located on the deepest waters (40 m). The distribution of brachyuran crabs through bathymetric ranges is heterogeneous and may be caused by several factors, such as the type of habitat, oceanographic conditions, seasonal effects, spawning migrations, or agonistic intra- and interspecific competition [41,46,47]. N. melanodactylus has a broad bathymetric distribution (mainly between 3 m and 150 m), inhabiting a range of nearshore habitats, including rhodolith beds, muddy and sandy bottoms, gravels, stones and corals [48]. Our results showed differences in the size of N. melanodactylus according to the depth layer and season of collection. Size segregation majorly occurs at summer, where bigger crabs dominate at 25 m, while a broad range of sizes occurs at 18 m. Hence, adults have a major presence at shallow waters (i.e., 18 m and 25 m). Juveniles of N. melanodactylus, however, seem to live in deeper waters (i.e., 40 m). A possible explanation for this outcome is the agonistic behavior of Xanthid crabs, where large-sized male crabs are more aggressive than females [49,50,51], inducing habitat partitioning at reproductive seasons. The large range of crab sizes at the shallowest depths in summer has been attributed to the need of females (medium sizes) to seek warmer waters due to advantageous conditions for ovarian development and eggs maturation [52]. As a result, habitat partitioning by depth between juveniles and adults of N. melanodactylus could result from these reasons. Finally, the absence of adults in autumn, at all the depth layers, and the parallel large abundances of juveniles, could be indicative of adult displacement to nearby habitats. This is noteworthy because it may suggest the influence of surrounding habitats on the composition and structure of faunal assemblages (here, crabs) inhabiting rhodoliths, as it occurs in seagrass meadows [53,54].

5. Conclusions

This study has contributed to the understanding of spatio-temporal variability of the brachyuran fauna associated with rhodoliths in the Canary Islands. Here, we demonstrated that the assemblage of brachyuran crabs was largely dominated by Nanocassiope melanodactylus, which seems to majorly recruit at 40 m. It turns out that, at 25 m, rhodolith beds provide ideal conditions in terms of provision of habitat for associated assemblages of brachyuran crabs. Despite this pattern being observed for certain species, e.g., Pilumnus hirtellus, other crab species, e.g., Pisa carinimana or Achaeus cranchii, did not show any spatio-temporal pattern at all. Due to the low number of individuals of these species, caution is necessary for the interpretation of a lack of depth pattern. As this is the first study of the spatio-temporal variability of Brachyura from Gran Canaria Island, further research is needed.

Supplementary Materials

The following material is available online at https://www.mdpi.com/1424-2818/12/6/223/s1, Table S1. Epiphytic algal biomass (GML); Table S2. Pisa carinimana abundance (GML); Table S3. Achaeus cranchii abundance (GML); Table S4. Pilumnus hirtellus abundance (GML).

Author Contributions

Conceptualization, F.T. and F.O.-F.; Methodology, all authors; Formal analysis, C.S.-L., R.T.-P., F.T., and F.O.-F.; Investigation, all authors; Writing—original draft preparation, C.S.-L., F.T., and F.O.-F.; Writing—review and editing, all authors. All authors have read and agreed to the published version of the manuscript.

Funding

This research was partially financed by the Excellence International Campus of the Canary Islands (CEI-Canarias), the Agency for Research, Innovation and Information Society of the Canary Islands, and the EcoAqua European project (ERA CHAIR program—Grant Agreement no. 621341).

Acknowledgments

We acknowledge T. Sánchez and M. Cosme de Esteban for their extraordinary logistical support during sampling and “Puertos del Estado” (Spain) for the supply of some oceanographic data. The authors are indebted with anonymous reviewers for their comments, corrections, and recommendations, which improved the manuscript during the reviewing process.

Conflicts of Interest

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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Figure 1. (a) Location of the study area at Gran Canaria Island, showing the three sampling sites at 18 m (triangle), 25 m (square), and 40 m (circle); figure adapted from [26]. (b) Rhodolith beds. (c) Nodules of rhodoliths.
Figure 1. (a) Location of the study area at Gran Canaria Island, showing the three sampling sites at 18 m (triangle), 25 m (square), and 40 m (circle); figure adapted from [26]. (b) Rhodolith beds. (c) Nodules of rhodoliths.
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Figure 2. Total epiphytic algal biomass (dry weigh) (+ SE of means) at different depths (18, 25, and 40 m) and seasons (W: winter, Sp: spring, Sm: summer, Au: autumn) from 2015–2016 (grey bars) and 2017 (black bars). Data from [26].
Figure 2. Total epiphytic algal biomass (dry weigh) (+ SE of means) at different depths (18, 25, and 40 m) and seasons (W: winter, Sp: spring, Sm: summer, Au: autumn) from 2015–2016 (grey bars) and 2017 (black bars). Data from [26].
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Figure 3. Richness (+SE of means) of brachyuran species at different depths (18, 25, and 40 m) and seasons (W: winter, Sp: spring, Sm: summer, Au: autumn) in 2015–2016 and 2017.
Figure 3. Richness (+SE of means) of brachyuran species at different depths (18, 25, and 40 m) and seasons (W: winter, Sp: spring, Sm: summer, Au: autumn) in 2015–2016 and 2017.
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Figure 4. Abundance (+SE of means) of (a) Nanocassiope melanodactylus, (b) Pisa carinimana, (c) Achaeus cranchii, and (d) Pilumnus hirtellus at different depths (18, 25, and 40 m) and seasons (W: winter, Sp: spring, Sm: summer, Au: autumn) in 2015–2016 and 2017. Scales are different among panels.
Figure 4. Abundance (+SE of means) of (a) Nanocassiope melanodactylus, (b) Pisa carinimana, (c) Achaeus cranchii, and (d) Pilumnus hirtellus at different depths (18, 25, and 40 m) and seasons (W: winter, Sp: spring, Sm: summer, Au: autumn) in 2015–2016 and 2017. Scales are different among panels.
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Figure 5. Mean size (carapace length, +SE of means) of N. melanodactylus at each season (W: winter, Sp: spring, Sm: summer, Au: autumn) and at (a) 18 m, (b) 25 m, and (c) 40 m. Carapace length (CL) was measured in mm.
Figure 5. Mean size (carapace length, +SE of means) of N. melanodactylus at each season (W: winter, Sp: spring, Sm: summer, Au: autumn) and at (a) 18 m, (b) 25 m, and (c) 40 m. Carapace length (CL) was measured in mm.
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Table
Table 1. Total abundance (dominance, as a proportion of the total) and number of individuals of each species for the overall study (n = 120 samples).
Table 1. Total abundance (dominance, as a proportion of the total) and number of individuals of each species for the overall study (n = 120 samples).
Brachyuran SpeciesDominance (%)Abundance
Nanocassiope melanodactylus (A. Milne-Edwards, 1867)83.03635
Pisa carinimana Miers, 18795.7444
Achaeus cranchii Leach, 18175.0939
Pilumnus hirtellus (Linnaeus, 1761)1.8314
Acanthonyx lunulatus (Risso, 1816)1.7013
Micropisa ovata Stimpson, 18580.917
Paractaea sp.0.786
Eurynome sp.0.393
Ebalia sp.0.262
Thalamita poissonii (Audouin, 1826)0.262
Table
Table 2. Summary of the mixed-effects GLM testing the effects of the fixed factors “Depth” (18, 25, and 40 m) and “Season” on the richness of brachyuran species. The contribution of “Year” is not presented, as this was a random source of variation. Reference values were 18 m for “Depth” and winter for “Season”.
Table 2. Summary of the mixed-effects GLM testing the effects of the fixed factors “Depth” (18, 25, and 40 m) and “Season” on the richness of brachyuran species. The contribution of “Year” is not presented, as this was a random source of variation. Reference values were 18 m for “Depth” and winter for “Season”.
EstimateStd. Errorz ValuePr(> |z|)
(Intercept)0.00010.29280.0001.0000
Depth [25 m]0.87550.34702.5230.0116 *
Depth [40 m]0.47000.38881.2090.2267
Season [Spring]0.64190.36201.7730.0762
Season [Summer]0.09530.41160.2320.8169
Season [Autumn]0.74190.36882.0120.0443 *
Depth [25 m]: Season [Spring]−0.52410.4480−1.1700.2421
Depth [40 m]: Season [Spring]−0.92950.5256−1.7690.0770
Depth [25 m]: Season [Summer]−0.97080.5388−1.8020.0716
Depth [40 m]: Season [Summer]−0.15980.5508−0.2900.7717
Depth [25 m]: Season [Autumn]−0.58780.4526−1.2990.1941
Depth [40 m]: Season [Autumn]−0.57000.5090−1.1200.2628
Significance codes: *: p <0.05.
Table
Table 3. Summary of the mixed-effects GLM testing the effects of the fixed factors “Depth” (18, 25 and 40 m) and “Season” on the abundance of Nanocassiope melanodactylus. The contribution of “Year” is not presented, as this was a random source of variation. Reference values were 18m for “Depth” and winter for “Season”.
Table 3. Summary of the mixed-effects GLM testing the effects of the fixed factors “Depth” (18, 25 and 40 m) and “Season” on the abundance of Nanocassiope melanodactylus. The contribution of “Year” is not presented, as this was a random source of variation. Reference values were 18m for “Depth” and winter for “Season”.
EstimateStd. Errorz ValuePr(>|z|)
(Intercept)1.43510.25715.5830.0001 ***
Depth [25 m]−0.12680.3679−0.3440.7305
Depth [40 m]0.13350.35940.372 0.7102
Season [Spring]0.69310.3468 1.999 0.0456 *
Season [Summer]−1.0986 0.4240−2.5910.0096 **
Season [Autumn]0.80560.34492.3360.0195 *
Depth [25 m]: Season [Spring]0.39640.49080.8080.4193
Depth [40 m]: Season [Spring]−0.71420.4969−1.4370.1506
Depth [25 m]: Season [Summer]0.37810.58900.6420.5209
Depth [40 m]: Season [Summer]1.03410.55441.8650.0622
Depth [25 m]: Season [Autumn]−1.12070.5173−2.1660.0303 *
Depth [40 m]: Season [Autumn]−0.61640.4915−1.2540.2098
Significance codes: ***: p < 0.001, **: p < 0.01, *: p < 0.05.
Table
Table 4. Summary of the mixed-effects GLM testing the effects of the fixed factors “Depth” (18, 25, and 40 m) and “Season” on the mean size of Nanocassiope melanodactylus. The contribution of “Year” is not presented, as this was a random source of variation. Reference values were 18 m for “Depth” and winter for “Season”.
Table 4. Summary of the mixed-effects GLM testing the effects of the fixed factors “Depth” (18, 25, and 40 m) and “Season” on the mean size of Nanocassiope melanodactylus. The contribution of “Year” is not presented, as this was a random source of variation. Reference values were 18 m for “Depth” and winter for “Season”.
EstimateStd. Errorz ValuePr(> |z|)
(Intercept)4.18660.183622.80100.0001 ***
Depth (25 m)0.25780.18901.36400.1753
Depth (40 m) −0.49600.1892−2.62200.0010 **
Season (Spring)0.14970.21210.70600.4816
Season (Summer)0.34800.22401.55400.1231
Season (Autumn) −0.79000.2102−3.75700.0003 ***
Significance codes: ***: p < 0.001, **: p < 0.01.

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Sánchez-Latorre, C.; Triay-Portella, R.; Cosme, M.; Tuya, F.; Otero-Ferrer, F. Brachyuran Crabs (Decapoda) Associated with Rhodolith Beds: Spatio-Temporal Variability at Gran Canaria Island. Diversity 2020, 12, 223. https://doi.org/10.3390/d12060223

AMA Style

Sánchez-Latorre C, Triay-Portella R, Cosme M, Tuya F, Otero-Ferrer F. Brachyuran Crabs (Decapoda) Associated with Rhodolith Beds: Spatio-Temporal Variability at Gran Canaria Island. Diversity. 2020; 12(6):223. https://doi.org/10.3390/d12060223

Chicago/Turabian Style

Sánchez-Latorre, Clara, Raül Triay-Portella, Marcial Cosme, Fernando Tuya, and Francisco Otero-Ferrer. 2020. "Brachyuran Crabs (Decapoda) Associated with Rhodolith Beds: Spatio-Temporal Variability at Gran Canaria Island" Diversity 12, no. 6: 223. https://doi.org/10.3390/d12060223

APA Style

Sánchez-Latorre, C., Triay-Portella, R., Cosme, M., Tuya, F., & Otero-Ferrer, F. (2020). Brachyuran Crabs (Decapoda) Associated with Rhodolith Beds: Spatio-Temporal Variability at Gran Canaria Island. Diversity, 12(6), 223. https://doi.org/10.3390/d12060223

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