Seawater Acidification Affects Beta-Diversity of Benthic Communities at a Shallow Hydrothermal Vent in a Mediterranean Marine Protected Area (Underwater Archaeological Park of Baia, Naples, Italy)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Sampling Campaign and Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Mollusca Assemblages
3.2. Polychaeta Assemblages
3.3. Crustacea Assemblages
3.4. Nematoda Assemblages
4. Discussions
4.1. Effects of Acidification on β-Diversity
4.2. Assemblages’ Strategies to Mitigate Acidification Effects
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | H | G | CN | CS | Measurement Methods (for Further Information on Methodology See [36]) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Depth | 12.7 | 9.7 | 8.9 | 11.9 | Scuba computer | |
Sediment variables | ||||||
Temperatures (°C) | 37.53 ± 2.28 | 29.1 ± 2.81 | 21.8 ± 0.2 | 21.8 ± 0.2 | In situ by underwater thermometer | |
pH | 7.56 ± 0.05 | 8 ± 0.01 | 8.1 ± 0.03 | 8.1 ± 0.01 | pH evaluation (pH/ORP Meter, HI98171, and probe HI 1230, Hanna Instruments) | |
Gravel (%) | 7.41 | 3.96 | 17.84 | 21.52 | Sediment was sieved over a series of 11 sieves with mesh size ranging from 1 cm to 63 mm [38]. Fractions were dried in an oven at 60 °C for 48 h and weighed; TOC was determined according to [39] and expressed as % of sediment. | |
Sand (%) | 90.12 | 93.4 | 79.6 | 76.67 | ||
Mud (%) | 2.47 | 2.64 | 2.57 | 1.81 | ||
TOC (%) | 34.78 | 30.03 | 17.05 | 18.14 | ||
Interstitial water variables | ||||||
Ions (‰) | Na+ | 8.66826 ± 0.0045 | 9.97321 ± 0.0105 | 10.776925 ± 0.0125 | 11.120825 ± 0.0187 | ICS1100 ion chromatographic system [40]; anions were detected with an AS22 column working with a cell volume of 100 mL and a solution of 3.5 mM of sodium carbonate/bicarbonate as eluent, while cations were determined with a CS12A column working with a cell volume of 25 mL and 20 mM methanesulfonic acid solution as eluent. |
K+ | 0.317855 ± 0.0076 | 0.42634 ± 0.0102 | 0.407405 ± 0.0085 | 0.399125 ± 0.0062 | ||
Mg2+ | 0.805 ± 0.0073 | 0.954705 ± 0.0038 | 1.219475 ± 0.0088 | 1.1795 ± 0.0052 | ||
Ca2+ | 0.3275 ± 0.0083 | 0.4722 ± 0.0095 | 0.50329 ± 0.0092 | 0.385725 ± 0.0073 | ||
Cl− | 19.512965 ± 0.0205 | 23.726385 ± 0.0157 | 26.0395 ± 0.0175 | 25.97656 ± 0.0186 | ||
NO3− | 0.02877 ± 0.00006 | 0.0255 ± 0.00006 | 0.02607 ± 0.00003 | 0.02568 ± 0.00032 | ||
SO42− | 3.1523 ± 0.0036 | 2.6585 ± 0.0065 | 3.36988 ± 0.0031 | 3.8885 ± 0.0059 | ||
S2− | n.d | 130.58 | n.d | n.d | ||
Metals (ppb) | Zn2+ | 33.66 ± 0.51 | 34.56 ± 3.86 | 39.09 ± 0.50 | 33.65 ± 0.50 | |
Pb2+ | 62.02 ± 0.16 | 31.29 ± 0.52 | 18.31 ± 0.60 | 62.02 ± 0.16 | ||
Cd2+ | 4.42 ± 0.19 | n.d. | n.d. | 4.42 ± 0.18 | ||
Cu2+ | n.d. | 8.88 ± 0.21 | 5.25 ± 0.21 | n.d. |
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Appolloni, L.; Zeppilli, D.; Donnarumma, L.; Baldrighi, E.; Chianese, E.; Russo, G.F.; Sandulli, R. Seawater Acidification Affects Beta-Diversity of Benthic Communities at a Shallow Hydrothermal Vent in a Mediterranean Marine Protected Area (Underwater Archaeological Park of Baia, Naples, Italy). Diversity 2020, 12, 464. https://doi.org/10.3390/d12120464
Appolloni L, Zeppilli D, Donnarumma L, Baldrighi E, Chianese E, Russo GF, Sandulli R. Seawater Acidification Affects Beta-Diversity of Benthic Communities at a Shallow Hydrothermal Vent in a Mediterranean Marine Protected Area (Underwater Archaeological Park of Baia, Naples, Italy). Diversity. 2020; 12(12):464. https://doi.org/10.3390/d12120464
Chicago/Turabian StyleAppolloni, Luca, Daniela Zeppilli, Luigia Donnarumma, Elisa Baldrighi, Elena Chianese, Giovanni Fulvio Russo, and Roberto Sandulli. 2020. "Seawater Acidification Affects Beta-Diversity of Benthic Communities at a Shallow Hydrothermal Vent in a Mediterranean Marine Protected Area (Underwater Archaeological Park of Baia, Naples, Italy)" Diversity 12, no. 12: 464. https://doi.org/10.3390/d12120464