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Volume 27
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10.3390/ijms27156816
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Review

The Gut Mucosal Barrier–Neuroinflammation Axis in Vascular Cognitive Impairment Induced by Chronic Cerebral Ischemia: A Narrative Review of Candidate Mechanisms

by
Jiarong Du
1,2,†,
Lan Sun
1,3,†,
Shanshan Wang
1,2,
Yanxin Chen
1,2,
Wenjuan Long
4,
Bo Wang
2,
Zhongyang Hu
4,
Yujun Feng
4,
Qiongrong Long
4,
Mincong Huang
4,
Xiaoya Li
1,2,* and
Xiaoman Lv
4,*
1
Yunnan Key Laboratory of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine for Chronic Disease in Prevention and Treatment, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, China
2
School of Basic Medicine, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, China
3
The First Clinical Medical College, Liaoning University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shenyang 110847, China
4
College of Chinese Materia Medica, Yunnan University of Chinese Medicine, Kunming 650500, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27(15), 6816; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27156816
Submission received: 24 June 2026 / Revised: 22 July 2026 / Accepted: 25 July 2026 / Published: 29 July 2026
(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Immunology)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) is a major form of dementia with a complex pathogenesis. Emerging evidence indicates a strong interaction between intestinal mucosal barrier integrity and neuroinflammation, which has been proposed as a candidate contributor in VCI progression. This review comprehensively reviews the initiation and amplification of neuroinflammation in chronic cerebral ischemia. It highlights how impairment of the intestinal mucosal barrier, gut microbiota dysbiosis, and translocation of microbial metabolites contribute to central neuroinflammation via circulatory and neural pathways, suggesting a potential self-sustaining pathological cycle within the gut–brain axis. Furthermore, we analyze the underlying molecular mechanisms, critique current limitations, and suggest promising directions for future research.
Keywords: vascular cognitive impairment; chronic cerebral ischemia; neuroinflammation; intestinal mucosal barrier; intestinal microflora; gut–brain axis; mechanism of action vascular cognitive impairment; chronic cerebral ischemia; neuroinflammation; intestinal mucosal barrier; intestinal microflora; gut–brain axis; mechanism of action

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Du, J.; Sun, L.; Wang, S.; Chen, Y.; Long, W.; Wang, B.; Hu, Z.; Feng, Y.; Long, Q.; Huang, M.; et al. The Gut Mucosal Barrier–Neuroinflammation Axis in Vascular Cognitive Impairment Induced by Chronic Cerebral Ischemia: A Narrative Review of Candidate Mechanisms. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27, 6816. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27156816

AMA Style

Du J, Sun L, Wang S, Chen Y, Long W, Wang B, Hu Z, Feng Y, Long Q, Huang M, et al. The Gut Mucosal Barrier–Neuroinflammation Axis in Vascular Cognitive Impairment Induced by Chronic Cerebral Ischemia: A Narrative Review of Candidate Mechanisms. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2026; 27(15):6816. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27156816

Chicago/Turabian Style

Du, Jiarong, Lan Sun, Shanshan Wang, Yanxin Chen, Wenjuan Long, Bo Wang, Zhongyang Hu, Yujun Feng, Qiongrong Long, Mincong Huang, and et al. 2026. "The Gut Mucosal Barrier–Neuroinflammation Axis in Vascular Cognitive Impairment Induced by Chronic Cerebral Ischemia: A Narrative Review of Candidate Mechanisms" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 27, no. 15: 6816. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27156816

APA Style

Du, J., Sun, L., Wang, S., Chen, Y., Long, W., Wang, B., Hu, Z., Feng, Y., Long, Q., Huang, M., Li, X., & Lv, X. (2026). The Gut Mucosal Barrier–Neuroinflammation Axis in Vascular Cognitive Impairment Induced by Chronic Cerebral Ischemia: A Narrative Review of Candidate Mechanisms. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 27(15), 6816. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27156816

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