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Volume 27
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Molecular Effects of Parkia speciosa Hassk. Empty Pod Extract in Colon Cancer: A Transcriptomic and Proteomic Perspective

by
Athit Chaiwichien
1,
Supawadee Osotprasit
1,
Tepparit Samrit
1,2,
Stuart J. Smith
3,4,
Saowaros Suwansa-Ard
3,
Scott F. Cummins
3,4,
Pornanan Kueakhai
1,2 and
Narin Changklungmoa
1,2,*
1
Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Burapha University, Chonburi 20131, Thailand
2
Food Bioactive Compounds Research Unit, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Burapha University, Chonburi 20131, Thailand
3
Centre for Bioinnovation, University of the Sunshine Coast, Maroochydore, QLD 4558, Australia
4
School of Science, Technology and Engineering, University of the Sunshine Coast, Sippy Downs, QLD 4558, Australia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27(12), 5606; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27125606 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 16 May 2026 / Revised: 16 June 2026 / Accepted: 19 June 2026 / Published: 21 June 2026
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Recent Research on Natural Compounds in Cancer Treatment and Prevention)
Versions Notes

Abstract

This study elucidates the multi-targeted antineoplastic mechanisms of Parkia speciosa empty pod extract (PSET) against HCT-116 and HT-29 colorectal cancer (CRC) cells through integrated transcriptomic and proteomic analyses. Phytochemical profiling indicates that PSET is rich in bioactive metabolites, notably quercetin, rutin, and pyrogallol, which orchestrate its profound ability to inhibit tumor proliferation, migration, and invasion. Transcriptomic data revealed that PSET profoundly suppresses the oncogenic Wnt/β-catenin signaling axis while simultaneously activating p53-mediated cell cycle arrest. Complementary proteomic profiling uncovered critical metabolic vulnerabilities, demonstrating that PSET abrogates the Warburg effect by disrupting key glycolytic enzymes (e.g., ENO1, GAPDH, LDHA), thereby inducing metabolic starvation. Furthermore, the extract precipitated a catastrophic collapse of the cytoskeletal architecture and downregulated epithelial–mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers, effectively paralyzing the cells’ metastatic machinery. The integrated transcriptomic and proteomic signatures also highlighted an irrecoverable state of cellular stress, characterized by an overwhelming unfolded protein response and dysregulated RNA splicing, ultimately driving the cells toward apoptosis. In conclusion, this integrated omics approach provides robust molecular validation that PSET systemically dismantles colorectal cancer survival networks, highlighting its strong potential as a natural, multi-targeted therapeutic agent.
Keywords: colon cancer; Parkia speciosa; anticancer activity; transcriptomics; proteomics colon cancer; Parkia speciosa; anticancer activity; transcriptomics; proteomics

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MDPI and ACS Style

Chaiwichien, A.; Osotprasit, S.; Samrit, T.; Smith, S.J.; Suwansa-Ard, S.; Cummins, S.F.; Kueakhai, P.; Changklungmoa, N. Molecular Effects of Parkia speciosa Hassk. Empty Pod Extract in Colon Cancer: A Transcriptomic and Proteomic Perspective. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27, 5606. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27125606

AMA Style

Chaiwichien A, Osotprasit S, Samrit T, Smith SJ, Suwansa-Ard S, Cummins SF, Kueakhai P, Changklungmoa N. Molecular Effects of Parkia speciosa Hassk. Empty Pod Extract in Colon Cancer: A Transcriptomic and Proteomic Perspective. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2026; 27(12):5606. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27125606

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chaiwichien, Athit, Supawadee Osotprasit, Tepparit Samrit, Stuart J. Smith, Saowaros Suwansa-Ard, Scott F. Cummins, Pornanan Kueakhai, and Narin Changklungmoa. 2026. "Molecular Effects of Parkia speciosa Hassk. Empty Pod Extract in Colon Cancer: A Transcriptomic and Proteomic Perspective" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 27, no. 12: 5606. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27125606

APA Style

Chaiwichien, A., Osotprasit, S., Samrit, T., Smith, S. J., Suwansa-Ard, S., Cummins, S. F., Kueakhai, P., & Changklungmoa, N. (2026). Molecular Effects of Parkia speciosa Hassk. Empty Pod Extract in Colon Cancer: A Transcriptomic and Proteomic Perspective. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 27(12), 5606. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27125606

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