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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Kombucha-Mediated Fermentation Enhances Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, Anti-Ageing and Antimicrobial Properties of Fruit Tree Leaf Agro-Waste Extracts from Malus domestica, Prunus armeniaca and Prunus cerasus

by
Martyna Zagórska-Dziok
1,*,
Aleksandra Ziemlewska
1,
Zofia Nizioł-Łukaszewska
1,
Agnieszka Mokrzyńska
1,
Magdalena Wójciak
2,
Justyna Zagórska
3 and
Ireneusz Sowa
2
1
Department of Technology of Cosmetic and Pharmaceutical Products, Medical College, University of Information Technology and Management in Rzeszow, Sucharskiego 2, 35-225 Rzeszow, Poland
2
Department of Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Aleje Raclawickie 1, 20-059 Lublin, Poland
3
Department of Food and Nutrition, Medical University of Lublin, 4a Chodzki Str., 20-093 Lublin, Poland
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27(12), 5328; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27125328 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 9 May 2026 / Revised: 3 June 2026 / Accepted: 10 June 2026 / Published: 12 June 2026
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Sustainable Bioactives from Plants: From Molecular Function to Fermentation)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Fruit tree leaves are an abundant agro-waste material with promising yet underexplored biological potential. This study compared the biological activity of aqueous extracts obtained from apple (Malus domestica), apricot (Prunus armeniaca), and cherry (Prunus cerasus) leaves and their kombucha-fermented counterparts in the context of cosmetic and dermatological applications. Phytochemical composition before and after fermentation was analyzed chromatographically. Antioxidant activity was evaluated using DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP assays, while intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels in keratinocytes and fibroblasts were assessed using the H2DCFDA probe. Cytotoxicity was determined by Alamar Blue and Neutral Red assays. Antimicrobial activity against seven bacterial strains was investigated using minimum inhibitory concentration and disc diffusion methods. Anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated in LPS-stimulated THP-1 cells by measuring TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 levels using ELISA. The influence of the samples on collagenase, elastase, and hyaluronidase activity was also analyzed. Fermentation increased the content of selected phenolic compounds and enhanced antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and anti-ageing properties. Ferments more effectively reduced oxidative stress in skin cells and showed no cytotoxicity within the tested concentration range. These findings indicate that kombucha fermentation may support the valorization of fruit tree leaf agro-waste as multifunctional ingredients for skincare formulations.
Keywords: Malus domestica; Prunus armeniaca; Prunus cerasus; kombucha fermentation; agro-waste valorisation; antioxidant activity; antimicrobial activity; anti-inflammatory activity; anti-ageing activity; skin cells Malus domestica; Prunus armeniaca; Prunus cerasus; kombucha fermentation; agro-waste valorisation; antioxidant activity; antimicrobial activity; anti-inflammatory activity; anti-ageing activity; skin cells

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MDPI and ACS Style

Zagórska-Dziok, M.; Ziemlewska, A.; Nizioł-Łukaszewska, Z.; Mokrzyńska, A.; Wójciak, M.; Zagórska, J.; Sowa, I. Kombucha-Mediated Fermentation Enhances Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, Anti-Ageing and Antimicrobial Properties of Fruit Tree Leaf Agro-Waste Extracts from Malus domestica, Prunus armeniaca and Prunus cerasus. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2026, 27, 5328. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27125328

AMA Style

Zagórska-Dziok M, Ziemlewska A, Nizioł-Łukaszewska Z, Mokrzyńska A, Wójciak M, Zagórska J, Sowa I. Kombucha-Mediated Fermentation Enhances Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, Anti-Ageing and Antimicrobial Properties of Fruit Tree Leaf Agro-Waste Extracts from Malus domestica, Prunus armeniaca and Prunus cerasus. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2026; 27(12):5328. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27125328

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zagórska-Dziok, Martyna, Aleksandra Ziemlewska, Zofia Nizioł-Łukaszewska, Agnieszka Mokrzyńska, Magdalena Wójciak, Justyna Zagórska, and Ireneusz Sowa. 2026. "Kombucha-Mediated Fermentation Enhances Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, Anti-Ageing and Antimicrobial Properties of Fruit Tree Leaf Agro-Waste Extracts from Malus domestica, Prunus armeniaca and Prunus cerasus" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 27, no. 12: 5328. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27125328

APA Style

Zagórska-Dziok, M., Ziemlewska, A., Nizioł-Łukaszewska, Z., Mokrzyńska, A., Wójciak, M., Zagórska, J., & Sowa, I. (2026). Kombucha-Mediated Fermentation Enhances Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory, Anti-Ageing and Antimicrobial Properties of Fruit Tree Leaf Agro-Waste Extracts from Malus domestica, Prunus armeniaca and Prunus cerasus. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 27(12), 5328. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms27125328

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