Phenotypic and Genotypic Bacterial Virulence and Resistance Profiles in Hidradenitis Suppurativa
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Study Group Characteristics
2.2. Microbiological Characterization
2.2.1. Bacterial Strains Identification
2.2.2. In Vitro Assessment of Biofilm Development
2.2.3. Phenotypic Assessment of the Production of Soluble Virulence Factors
2.2.4. Genotypic Assessment of Virulence and Resistance Genes of Staphylococcus aureus Strains by PCR
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Clinical Data
4.2. Microbiological Characterization
4.2.1. Bacterial Strains Identification
4.2.2. Phenotypic Assessment of Biofilm Formation In Vitro
4.2.3. Phenotypic Assessment of Production of Soluble Virulence Factors
4.2.4. Genotypic Assessment of Virulence and Resistance Genes of Staphylococcus aureus Strains by RCR
4.3. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No. | Bacterial Species | No. Strains | Hurley Stage | Location | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
I | II | III | Axillary | Abdominal | Gluteal | Inguinal | Nuchal | |||
1 | Staphylococcus epidermidis (28%) | 26 | 4 | 6 | 16 | 17 | 1 | 2 | 3 | 3 |
2 | Staphylococcus aureus (15%) | 14 | - | 4 | 10 | 6 | 3 | 5 | - | - |
3 | Enterococcus faecalis (11%) | 10 | - | 7 | 3 | 1 | - | 5 | 4 | - |
4 | Staphylococcus haemolyticus (7%) | 6 | - | 2 | 4 | 3 | - | 1 | 2 | - |
5 | Staphylococcus hominis (4%) | 4 | - | 2 | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | - |
6 | Staphylococcus lugdunensis (4%) | 4 | - | 4 | - | - | - | - | 4 | - |
7 | Corynebacterium striatum (4%) | 4 | - | - | 4 | 4 | - | - | - | - |
8 | Corynebacterium amycolatum (4%) | 4 | - | - | 4 | 4 | - | - | - | - |
9 | Proteus mirabilis (3%) | 3 | - | - | 3 | 1 | - | 2 | - | - |
10 | Corynebacterium tuberculostearicum (3%) | 3 | - | - | 3 | 3 | - | - | - | - |
11 | Actinomyces europaeus (2%) | 2 | - | 1 | 1 | 1 | - | - | 1 | - |
12 | Corynebacterium aurimucosum (2%) | 2 | - | - | 2 | 2 | - | - | - | - |
13 | Staphylococcus capitis (2%) | 2 | 1 | 1 | - | 2 | - | - | - | - |
14 | Corynebacterium simulans (2%) | 2 | - | 2 | - | 2 | - | - | - | - |
15 | Brevibacterium celere (1%) | 1 | - | 1 | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
16 | Corynebacterium coyleae (1%) | 1 | - | - | 1 | 1 | - | - | - | - |
17 | Escherichia coli (1%) | 1 | - | - | 1 | - | - | 1 | - | - |
18 | Klebsiella pneumoniae (1%) | 1 | - | - | 1 | - | - | - | 1 | - |
19 | Micrococcus luteus (1%) | 1 | - | 1 | - | 1 | - | - | - | - |
20 | Acinetobacter nosocomialis (1%) | 1 | - | - | 1 | 1 | - | - | - | - |
No | Soluble Virulence Factors | Bacterial Species | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Staphylococcus sp. Strains (n = 56) | Corynebacterium sp. Strains (n = 16) | Enterococcus Strains (n = 10) | Proteus sp. Strains (n = 3) | Actinomyces sp. Strains (n = 2) | |||||||
24 h | 72 h | 24 h | 72 h | 24 h | 72 h | 24 h | 72 h | 24 h | 72 h | ||
1 | α-hemolysin | 22 | 27 | 3 | 5 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
2 | β-hemolysin | 7 | 8 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
3 | γ-hemolysin | 24 | 18 | 8 | 7 | 9 | 8 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
4 | Caseinase | 4 | 6 | 5 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
5 | Amylase | 0 | 7 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
6 | Esculinase | 8 | 9 | 2 | 2 | 8 | 9 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
7 | Lipase | 17 | 23 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 5 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
8 | Lecithinase | 34 | 35 | 5 | 5 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
9 | DN-ase | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
10 | Gelatinase | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Virulence Genes of Staphylococcus aureus Strains | |||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Strain Index | fnbB | fib | clfA | clfB | fnbA | cna | coag | bbp | ebpS | luk-PV | hlg | tst | sea | seb | sec | sed | see |
1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
22 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
32 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
34 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
36 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
39 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
44 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
45 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
47 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
56 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
59 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
62 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
64 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
68 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
72 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
77 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
86 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
88 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
92 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
94 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
100 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
107 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
108 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
125 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
130 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
138 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
179 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
203 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
204 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
205 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
218 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
229 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
253 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
254 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 |
255 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
Strain Index | mecA | nuc | aac-aph | ermA | ermC | CIF2 | ccrC | ccrB2 | sccmec IV | sccmec III | kdp | deS | Type IV a | Type II | Type IV b | Type IV c | Type IV d | Type I | Type V | Type III |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
32 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |
34 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
36 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
39 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
44 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
59 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
62 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
68 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
86 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
88 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
94 | 0 | 0 | 1 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
100 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
No. | Inclusion Criteria |
---|---|
1 | Female or male patients aged from 18 to 70 years. |
2 | The subject must have HS skin lesions for at least 1 year. |
3 | Show at least one anatomical region with inflammatory (active) lesions. |
4 | Patients from Hurley stage I, II, and III were included in this study. |
No. | Exclusion Criteria |
---|---|
1 | The patient has any other active disease (e.g., infections) that may interfere with the result of bacteriological investigations. |
2 | Subject administered topical treatments (except local antiseptics) 30 days prior to collection of bacteriological samples. |
3 | The subject received systemic antibiotic treatment during the past month before the collection of bacteriological samples. |
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Cucu, C.I.; Giurcăneanu, C.; Poenaru, E.; Popa, L.G.; Popa, M.I.; Chifiriuc, M.C.; Lazăr, V.; Holban, A.M.; Gheorghe-Barbu, I.; Muntean, A.-A.; et al. Phenotypic and Genotypic Bacterial Virulence and Resistance Profiles in Hidradenitis Suppurativa. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26, 3502. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26083502
Cucu CI, Giurcăneanu C, Poenaru E, Popa LG, Popa MI, Chifiriuc MC, Lazăr V, Holban AM, Gheorghe-Barbu I, Muntean A-A, et al. Phenotypic and Genotypic Bacterial Virulence and Resistance Profiles in Hidradenitis Suppurativa. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2025; 26(8):3502. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26083502
Chicago/Turabian StyleCucu, Corina Ioana, Călin Giurcăneanu, Elena Poenaru, Liliana Gabriela Popa, Mircea Ioan Popa, Mariana Carmen Chifiriuc, Veronica Lazăr, Alina Maria Holban, Irina Gheorghe-Barbu, Andrei-Alexandru Muntean, and et al. 2025. "Phenotypic and Genotypic Bacterial Virulence and Resistance Profiles in Hidradenitis Suppurativa" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 26, no. 8: 3502. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26083502
APA StyleCucu, C. I., Giurcăneanu, C., Poenaru, E., Popa, L. G., Popa, M. I., Chifiriuc, M. C., Lazăr, V., Holban, A. M., Gheorghe-Barbu, I., Muntean, A.-A., Caracoti, C. Ș., & Mihai, M. M. (2025). Phenotypic and Genotypic Bacterial Virulence and Resistance Profiles in Hidradenitis Suppurativa. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 26(8), 3502. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26083502