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Volume 26
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Review

Sarcopenia in the Aging Process: Pathophysiological Mechanisms, Clinical Implications, and Emerging Therapeutic Approaches

by
Larissa Parreira Araújo
1,
Ana Clara Figueiredo Godoy
1,
Fernanda Fortes Frota
1,
Caroline Barbalho Lamas
2,
Karina Quesada
1,3,4,
Claudia Rucco Penteado Detregiachi
4,
Adriano Cressoni Araújo
1,4,
Maria Angélica Miglino
4,
Elen Landgraf Guiguer
1,3,4,
Rafael Santos de Argollo Haber
1,
Eliana de Souza Bastos Mazuqueli Pereira
4,
Virgínia Cavallari Strozze Catharin
1,4,
Vitor Cavallari Strozze Catharin
1,
Lucas Fornari Laurindo
5,* and
Sandra Maria Barbalho
1,3,4,*
1
Department of Biochemistry and Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Universidade de Marília (UNIMAR), Marília 17525-902, SP, Brazil
2
Department of Gerontology, School of Gerontology, Universidade Federal de São Carlos (UFSCar), São Carlos 13565-905, SP, Brazil
3
Department of Biochemistry and Nutrition, School of Food and Technology of Marília (FATEC), Marília 17500-000, SP, Brazil
4
Graduate Program in Structural and Functional Interactions in Rehabilitation, School of Medicine, Universidade de Marília (UNIMAR), Marília 17525-902, SP, Brazil
5
Division of Cellular Growth, Hemodynamic, and Homeostasis Disorders, Graduate Program in Medical Sciences, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de São Paulo (USP), São Paulo 01246-903, SP, Brazil
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(24), 12147; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262412147
Submission received: 17 September 2025 / Revised: 2 December 2025 / Accepted: 5 December 2025 / Published: 17 December 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Mechanisms of the Aging Process: 2nd Edition)
Review Reports Versions Notes

Abstract

In the face of population aging, sarcopenia has emerged as a significant muscle disorder characterized by the progressive loss of muscle mass, strength, and function. Chronic inflammation, oxidative stress, and mitochondrial dysfunction contribute to sarcopenia and help explain its association with comorbidities such as type 2 diabetes, obesity, and neurodegenerative diseases. Despite extensive research, there remains a need to integrate current knowledge on interventions that target these interconnected mechanisms. This review synthesizes recent evidence on the effects of resistance exercise, nutritional supplementation (high-protein intake, leucine, vitamin D, omega-3 fatty acids), and probiotic use on muscle function and inflammatory status in older adults with sarcopenia. Literature was critically analyzed to evaluate the efficacy of multicomponent strategies. The reviewed studies consistently report that combining resistance training with anti-inflammatory nutrition and targeted supplementation improves muscle strength, reduces pro-inflammatory cytokines, and supports mitochondrial function. These findings suggest that an integrated, multicomponent approach represents a promising strategy for attenuating the progression of sarcopenia and reducing its associated comorbidities.
Keywords: aging; muscle loss; sarcopenia; cognitive decline; neurodegenerative diseases aging; muscle loss; sarcopenia; cognitive decline; neurodegenerative diseases

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Araújo, L.P.; Figueiredo Godoy, A.C.; Frota, F.F.; Barbalho Lamas, C.; Quesada, K.; Rucco Penteado Detregiachi, C.; Cressoni Araújo, A.; Miglino, M.A.; Landgraf Guiguer, E.; Santos de Argollo Haber, R.; et al. Sarcopenia in the Aging Process: Pathophysiological Mechanisms, Clinical Implications, and Emerging Therapeutic Approaches. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26, 12147. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262412147

AMA Style

Araújo LP, Figueiredo Godoy AC, Frota FF, Barbalho Lamas C, Quesada K, Rucco Penteado Detregiachi C, Cressoni Araújo A, Miglino MA, Landgraf Guiguer E, Santos de Argollo Haber R, et al. Sarcopenia in the Aging Process: Pathophysiological Mechanisms, Clinical Implications, and Emerging Therapeutic Approaches. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2025; 26(24):12147. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262412147

Chicago/Turabian Style

Araújo, Larissa Parreira, Ana Clara Figueiredo Godoy, Fernanda Fortes Frota, Caroline Barbalho Lamas, Karina Quesada, Claudia Rucco Penteado Detregiachi, Adriano Cressoni Araújo, Maria Angélica Miglino, Elen Landgraf Guiguer, Rafael Santos de Argollo Haber, and et al. 2025. "Sarcopenia in the Aging Process: Pathophysiological Mechanisms, Clinical Implications, and Emerging Therapeutic Approaches" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 26, no. 24: 12147. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262412147

APA Style

Araújo, L. P., Figueiredo Godoy, A. C., Frota, F. F., Barbalho Lamas, C., Quesada, K., Rucco Penteado Detregiachi, C., Cressoni Araújo, A., Miglino, M. A., Landgraf Guiguer, E., Santos de Argollo Haber, R., de Souza Bastos Mazuqueli Pereira, E., Cavallari Strozze Catharin, V., Cavallari Strozze Catharin, V., Laurindo, L. F., & Maria Barbalho, S. (2025). Sarcopenia in the Aging Process: Pathophysiological Mechanisms, Clinical Implications, and Emerging Therapeutic Approaches. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 26(24), 12147. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms262412147

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