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Volume 26
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Utilization of Aflatoxin-B1-Contaminated Corn by Yellow Mealworm Larvae for Common Carp Feed and Assessing Residual Frass Toxicity by Zebrafish Embryo Microinjection

by
Zoltán Vajnai
1,
Zsolt Csenki-Bakos
1,
Balázs Csorbai
2,
Tamás Bartucz
2,
Illés Bock
1,
Endre Csókás
2,
Mátyás Cserháti
3,
Balázs Kriszt
4 and
István Szabó
1,*
1
Department of Environmental Toxicology, Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences (MATE), Páter Károly utca 1, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary
2
Department of Aquaculture, Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences (MATE), Páter Károly utca 1, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary
3
Department of Molecular Ecology, Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences (MATE), Páter Károly utca 1, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary
4
Department of Environmental Safety, Institute of Aquaculture and Environmental Safety, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences (MATE), Páter Károly utca 1, 2100 Gödöllő, Hungary
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(20), 9851; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26209851 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 31 August 2025 / Revised: 3 October 2025 / Accepted: 5 October 2025 / Published: 10 October 2025
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Toxicological Impacts of Emerging Contaminants on Aquatic Organisms)
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Abstract

The aim of our study was to make one step further to verify a method that can turn back mycotoxin-contaminated crops into the circular economy. Thus, the possibility of utilizing aflatoxin B1 (AfB1)-contaminated corn by yellow mealworms (Tenebrio molitor) was investigated to be used as fish feed components. Four different self-contaminated corn samples were used in our study, of which one was below and three were above the threshold limit (20 µg/kg) regulated by the European Union. The highest applied AfB1 concentration in our study for insect feeding was 415 µg/kg (more than twenty times higher than the threshold). After a five-week feeding period insect mortality was not increased, even in the highly contaminated group, compared to the negative control. The mycotoxin in the dried and ground insects was only detected in the case of feeding with the highest-concentration corn, however it remained as low as 2.2 µg/kg. For studying the possible physiology effects, insect grounds were used in feeding experiments of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) fries. Results showed that insect meal, even if originated from a highly mycotoxin-contaminated crop, did not have a significant effect on the examined fish fries, compared with the control groups. The AfB1 concentrations of the leftover frass after insect rearing were also measured, and in the case of the highest concentration mealworm group, it was 157.6 µg/kg (other groups were under 20 µg/kg). Toxicity of frass extracts from different contaminated groups was also studied using microinjected zebrafish (Danio rerio) embryos. Extracts of the highly contaminated frass samples caused 91.67 ± 3.33% mortality and led to numerous phenotypic changes, which highlights the need for responsible usage of the by-product. However, the effects of injected frass samples, originating from corn with lower and more environmentally relevant AfB1 concentrations, were significantly lower.
Keywords: aflatoxin-B1-contaminated corn; mealworms; fish feed; common carp; zebrafish toxicity; microinjection aflatoxin-B1-contaminated corn; mealworms; fish feed; common carp; zebrafish toxicity; microinjection
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MDPI and ACS Style

Vajnai, Z.; Csenki-Bakos, Z.; Csorbai, B.; Bartucz, T.; Bock, I.; Csókás, E.; Cserháti, M.; Kriszt, B.; Szabó, I. Utilization of Aflatoxin-B1-Contaminated Corn by Yellow Mealworm Larvae for Common Carp Feed and Assessing Residual Frass Toxicity by Zebrafish Embryo Microinjection. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26, 9851. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26209851

AMA Style

Vajnai Z, Csenki-Bakos Z, Csorbai B, Bartucz T, Bock I, Csókás E, Cserháti M, Kriszt B, Szabó I. Utilization of Aflatoxin-B1-Contaminated Corn by Yellow Mealworm Larvae for Common Carp Feed and Assessing Residual Frass Toxicity by Zebrafish Embryo Microinjection. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2025; 26(20):9851. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26209851

Chicago/Turabian Style

Vajnai, Zoltán, Zsolt Csenki-Bakos, Balázs Csorbai, Tamás Bartucz, Illés Bock, Endre Csókás, Mátyás Cserháti, Balázs Kriszt, and István Szabó. 2025. "Utilization of Aflatoxin-B1-Contaminated Corn by Yellow Mealworm Larvae for Common Carp Feed and Assessing Residual Frass Toxicity by Zebrafish Embryo Microinjection" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 26, no. 20: 9851. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26209851

APA Style

Vajnai, Z., Csenki-Bakos, Z., Csorbai, B., Bartucz, T., Bock, I., Csókás, E., Cserháti, M., Kriszt, B., & Szabó, I. (2025). Utilization of Aflatoxin-B1-Contaminated Corn by Yellow Mealworm Larvae for Common Carp Feed and Assessing Residual Frass Toxicity by Zebrafish Embryo Microinjection. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 26(20), 9851. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26209851

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