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Volume 26
Issue 17
10.3390/ijms26178461
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Review

A Comprehensive Review of the Bovine Immune Response to Pathogens

by
Ana Lesta
1,
Pablo Jesús Marín-García
2 and
Lola Llobat
1,*
1
Molecular Mechanisms of Zoonotic Diseases (MMOPS) Research Group, Departamento Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos (PASAPTA), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 46113 Valencia, Spain
2
Departamento Producción y Sanidad Animal, Salud Pública y Ciencia y Tecnología de los Alimentos (PASAPTA), Facultad de Veterinaria, Universidad Cardenal Herrera-CEU, CEU Universities, 46113 Valencia, Spain
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(17), 8461; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26178461 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 23 July 2025 / Revised: 27 August 2025 / Accepted: 28 August 2025 / Published: 30 August 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Immunology)
Review Reports Versions Notes

Abstract

Dairy cattle are constantly exposed to a wide range of pathogens, which can produce substantial economic losses. The maintenance of homeostasis is not only dependent on the intrinsic characteristics of the animals but also on environmental factors such as the productive system, heat stress, and exposure to vectors and contaminated pastures. In this context, the bovine immune system plays a critical role in maintaining health and productivity. This review provides a comprehensive overview of both innate and adaptive responses in cattle, remarking on key components and summarizing the normal immune response against some of the most frequent pathogens in bovines, as well as how these pathogens have developed strategies to evade or modulate the host’s immune system. A deeper understanding of these mechanisms is essential for improving therapeutic strategies and disease prevention in livestock production.
Keywords: Bos taurus; bovine; immune system; pathogens; response Bos taurus; bovine; immune system; pathogens; response

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MDPI and ACS Style

Lesta, A.; Marín-García, P.J.; Llobat, L. A Comprehensive Review of the Bovine Immune Response to Pathogens. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26, 8461. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26178461

AMA Style

Lesta A, Marín-García PJ, Llobat L. A Comprehensive Review of the Bovine Immune Response to Pathogens. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2025; 26(17):8461. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26178461

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lesta, Ana, Pablo Jesús Marín-García, and Lola Llobat. 2025. "A Comprehensive Review of the Bovine Immune Response to Pathogens" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 26, no. 17: 8461. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26178461

APA Style

Lesta, A., Marín-García, P. J., & Llobat, L. (2025). A Comprehensive Review of the Bovine Immune Response to Pathogens. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 26(17), 8461. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26178461

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