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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Steam-Processed Stauntonia hexaphylla (Thunb.) Decne Fruit Stimulates Osteoblast Differentiation in MC3T3-E1 Cells and Inhibits Osteoclastogenesis in RAW 264.7 Cells

by
Muhammad Awais
1,†,
Reshmi Akter
2,†,
Md Niaj Morshed
2,
Jong Hak Kim
3,
Byoung Man Kong
2,
Dong Wook Lee
3,
Sung Keun Choi
4,
Chang Soon Lee
4,
Jong Chan Ahn
3,
Deok Chun Yang
2,5,* and
Jong Min Lee
1,*
1
Department of Biotechnology, College of Fisheries Sciences, Pukyong National University, Busan 48547, South Gyeongsang, Republic of Korea
2
Graduate School of Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si 17104, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
3
Hanbangbio Inc., Yongin-si 16954, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
4
Daedong Korea Ginseng Co., Ltd., 86, Gunbuk-ro, Gunbuk-myeon, Geumsan-gun 32718, Chungcheongnam-do, Republic of Korea
5
Department of Oriental Medicinal Biotechnology, College of Life Sciences, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si 17104, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(17), 8411; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26178411
Submission received: 25 March 2025 / Revised: 15 July 2025 / Accepted: 23 July 2025 / Published: 29 August 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Pharmacology)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Stauntonia hexaphylla (Thunb.) Decne (SH), a medicinal plant from the Lardizabalaceae family, holds traditional importance in East Asia for treating rheumatism. Steam treatment is commonly applied to enhance its medicinal properties, but the chemical and biological changes resulting from this process remain unexplored. This study compared steamed and untreated SH fruit (SHF) extracts, analyzing their chemical composition, antioxidant activity, and effects on bone health using in vitro models. Steamed SHF extracts exhibited increased levels of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF), total flavonoids, phenolics, and enhanced antioxidant activity. Bone health assessment using osteoclasts differentiated from RAW 264.7 cells and osteoblasts from MC3T3-E1 cells revealed that steamed extracts promoted alkaline phosphatase activity, calcium nodule formation, and collagen synthesis in osteoblasts while inhibiting tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP) activity in osteoclasts. Additionally, steamed SHF extracts effectively modulated gene expression related to osteoclastogenesis and osteoblastogenesis by downregulating TRAP, NFTAc1, RANK, MMP9, c-Fos, and TRAF6 while upregulating ALP, Runx2, BGLAP, Col1a1, and OPG. The component 5-HMF played a pivotal role in promoting alkaline phosphatase and inhibiting TRAP activities. These findings suggest that steamed SHF may offer a promising therapeutic approach for postmenopausal osteoporosis.
Keywords: osteoporosis; Stauntonia hexaphylla; steaming; osteoclastogenesis; osteoblastogenesis osteoporosis; Stauntonia hexaphylla; steaming; osteoclastogenesis; osteoblastogenesis

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MDPI and ACS Style

Awais, M.; Akter, R.; Morshed, M.N.; Kim, J.H.; Kong, B.M.; Lee, D.W.; Choi, S.K.; Lee, C.S.; Ahn, J.C.; Yang, D.C.; et al. Steam-Processed Stauntonia hexaphylla (Thunb.) Decne Fruit Stimulates Osteoblast Differentiation in MC3T3-E1 Cells and Inhibits Osteoclastogenesis in RAW 264.7 Cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26, 8411. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26178411

AMA Style

Awais M, Akter R, Morshed MN, Kim JH, Kong BM, Lee DW, Choi SK, Lee CS, Ahn JC, Yang DC, et al. Steam-Processed Stauntonia hexaphylla (Thunb.) Decne Fruit Stimulates Osteoblast Differentiation in MC3T3-E1 Cells and Inhibits Osteoclastogenesis in RAW 264.7 Cells. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2025; 26(17):8411. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26178411

Chicago/Turabian Style

Awais, Muhammad, Reshmi Akter, Md Niaj Morshed, Jong Hak Kim, Byoung Man Kong, Dong Wook Lee, Sung Keun Choi, Chang Soon Lee, Jong Chan Ahn, Deok Chun Yang, and et al. 2025. "Steam-Processed Stauntonia hexaphylla (Thunb.) Decne Fruit Stimulates Osteoblast Differentiation in MC3T3-E1 Cells and Inhibits Osteoclastogenesis in RAW 264.7 Cells" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 26, no. 17: 8411. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26178411

APA Style

Awais, M., Akter, R., Morshed, M. N., Kim, J. H., Kong, B. M., Lee, D. W., Choi, S. K., Lee, C. S., Ahn, J. C., Yang, D. C., & Lee, J. M. (2025). Steam-Processed Stauntonia hexaphylla (Thunb.) Decne Fruit Stimulates Osteoblast Differentiation in MC3T3-E1 Cells and Inhibits Osteoclastogenesis in RAW 264.7 Cells. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 26(17), 8411. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26178411

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