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10.3390/ijms26178172
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This is an early access version, the complete PDF, HTML, and XML versions will be available soon.
Article

Regulatory Characterization of Two Cop Systems for Copper Resistance in Pseudomonas putida

by
Huizhong Liu
1,
Yafeng Song
1,
Ping Yang
1,
Qian Wang
1,
Ping Huang
1,2,
Zhiqing Zhang
1,
Gang Zhou
1,
Qingshan Shi
1 and
Xiaobao Xie
1,*
1
Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Culture Collection and Application, State Key Laboratory of Applied Microbiology Southern China, Institute of Microbiology, Guangdong Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou 510070, China
2
Guangdong Detection Center of Microbiology, Guangzhou 510070, China
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(17), 8172; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26178172
Submission received: 16 July 2025 / Revised: 19 August 2025 / Accepted: 20 August 2025 / Published: 22 August 2025
(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Biology)
Versions Notes

Abstract

Copper ions serve as essential cofactors for many enzymes but exhibit toxicity at elevated concentrations. In Gram-negative bacteria, the Cop system, typically encoded by copABCD, plays a crucial role in maintaining copper homeostasis and detoxification. The chromosome of Pseudomonas putida harbors two copAB clusters but lacks copCD, along with two copR-copS clusters that encode the cognate two-component system. Here, the roles of these Cop components in countering copper toxicity were studied. We found that copAB2 was essential for full resistance to Cu2+ in P. putida, while copAB1 made only a minor contribution, partially due to its low expression. The two-component systems CopRS1 and CopRS2 both played significant regulatory roles in copper resistance. Although they could compensate for the absence of each other to mediate copper resistance, they exhibited distinct regulatory effects. CopR1 bound to all four cop promoters and activated their transcription under copper stress. In contrast, though CopR2 bound to the same sites as CopR1 in each cop promoter, it significantly activated only copAB2 and copRS2 expression. Its competitive binding at the copAB1 and copRS1 promoters likely impeded CopR1-mediated activation of these genes. Overall, this study reveals the distinct contributions of the two Cop systems to copper resistance and their regulatory interplay in P. putida.
Keywords: Pseudomonas putida; two-component system; Cop system; copper resistance; regulation analysis Pseudomonas putida; two-component system; Cop system; copper resistance; regulation analysis

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MDPI and ACS Style

Liu, H.; Song, Y.; Yang, P.; Wang, Q.; Huang, P.; Zhang, Z.; Zhou, G.; Shi, Q.; Xie, X. Regulatory Characterization of Two Cop Systems for Copper Resistance in Pseudomonas putida. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26, 8172. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26178172

AMA Style

Liu H, Song Y, Yang P, Wang Q, Huang P, Zhang Z, Zhou G, Shi Q, Xie X. Regulatory Characterization of Two Cop Systems for Copper Resistance in Pseudomonas putida. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2025; 26(17):8172. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26178172

Chicago/Turabian Style

Liu, Huizhong, Yafeng Song, Ping Yang, Qian Wang, Ping Huang, Zhiqing Zhang, Gang Zhou, Qingshan Shi, and Xiaobao Xie. 2025. "Regulatory Characterization of Two Cop Systems for Copper Resistance in Pseudomonas putida" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 26, no. 17: 8172. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26178172

APA Style

Liu, H., Song, Y., Yang, P., Wang, Q., Huang, P., Zhang, Z., Zhou, G., Shi, Q., & Xie, X. (2025). Regulatory Characterization of Two Cop Systems for Copper Resistance in Pseudomonas putida. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 26(17), 8172. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26178172

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