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Review

Biomarkers in Heart Failure: A Review and a Wish

1
Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences, Cardiac Surgery Department, University “G. d’Annunzio” Chieti-Pescara, 66100 Chieti, Italy
2
Cardiac Surgery Unit, Department of Precision Medicine in Medical Surgical and Critical Area (Me.Pre.C.C.), University of Palermo, 90134 Palermo, Italy
3
Heart Centre, IRCCS-ISMETT (Istituto Mediterraneo per i Trapianti e Terapie ad Alta Specializzazione), Via Tricomi 5, 90127 Palermo, Italy
4
Cellular, Molecular and Clinical Pathological Laboratory, Department of Biomedicine, Neuroscience and Advanced Diagnostics (Bi.N.D.), University of Palermo, Corso Tukory, 211, 90134 Palermo, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(16), 8046; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26168046 (registering DOI)
Submission received: 3 July 2025 / Revised: 10 August 2025 / Accepted: 15 August 2025 / Published: 20 August 2025

Abstract

Natriuretic peptides (NPs) have significantly improved the assessment and management of patients with heart failure (HF), but they present several limitations. It is now clear that no single biomarker can adequately guide the diagnosis, prognosis, and outcomes of HF. Therefore, the use of multiple biomarkers, correlated with HF pathophysiology, may improve HF management. An exponential number of emerging biomarkers have been reported in the literature, and when combined, they demonstrate greater clinical relevance than when used alone. They are also increasingly used as targets in the development of innovative treatments, such as targeted and personalized therapies. Their identification and clinical relevance could also be facilitated by the application of artificial intelligence models and the use of multi-omics approaches. This article presents a detailed overview of emerging biomarkers, potential targets, and innovative therapies, illustrating their advantages and limitations, as well as possible solutions to overcome them, and highlighting their strong, promising potential. This could enable the prediction of the spread of this disease in the general population, enabling early diagnosis and limiting complications and mortality. The path to achieving this goal is arduous, but it is achievable. This will require further efforts by researchers and clinicians with diverse multidisciplinary expertise.
Keywords: heart failure; biomarkers; multi-biomarker panels; artificial intelligence; multi-omics; targeted therapies; benefits; limitations; solutions heart failure; biomarkers; multi-biomarker panels; artificial intelligence; multi-omics; targeted therapies; benefits; limitations; solutions

Share and Cite

MDPI and ACS Style

Asta, L.; Pisano, C.; Sbrigata, A.; Raffa, G.M.; Scola, L.; Balistreri, C.R. Biomarkers in Heart Failure: A Review and a Wish. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26, 8046. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26168046

AMA Style

Asta L, Pisano C, Sbrigata A, Raffa GM, Scola L, Balistreri CR. Biomarkers in Heart Failure: A Review and a Wish. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2025; 26(16):8046. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26168046

Chicago/Turabian Style

Asta, Laura, Calogera Pisano, Adriana Sbrigata, Giuseppe Maria Raffa, Letizia Scola, and Carmela Rita Balistreri. 2025. "Biomarkers in Heart Failure: A Review and a Wish" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 26, no. 16: 8046. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26168046

APA Style

Asta, L., Pisano, C., Sbrigata, A., Raffa, G. M., Scola, L., & Balistreri, C. R. (2025). Biomarkers in Heart Failure: A Review and a Wish. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 26(16), 8046. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26168046

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