Relationship Between Sleep and Immunology in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Immunological Aspects of ADHD
2.1. General Overview of Immune Changes Among ADHD Subjects
2.2. Impaired Immunity Before Birth and ADHD Symptoms
2.3. Impaired Immunity After Birth and ADHD Symptoms
2.4. Conclusions of the Section
3. Importance of Sleep and Sleep Disruption in ADHD
4. Mechanisms Linking Sleep and Immunology
4.1. Immunology of Healthy Sleep
4.2. Influence of Immune Impairment on Sleep
4.3. Influence of Sleep Disturbances on the Immune System
5. Relationship Between Sleep and Immunology in ADHD
6. Therapeutic Interventions
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
5-HTTLPR | Serotonin-Transporter-Linked Promoter Region |
ADHD | Attention Deficit-Hyperactivity Disorder |
BMAL1 | Basic Helix-Loop-Helix ARNT-Like Protein 1 |
CBT | Cognitive Behavioral Therapy |
CLOCK | Circadian Locomotor Output Cycles Kaput |
CRY | Cryptochrome Circadian Regulator |
DAT1 | Dopamine Transporter 1 |
DRD4 | Dopamine Receptor D4 |
FKBP5 | FK506 Binding Protein 5 |
HPA | Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Adrenal |
IgA | Immunoglobulin A |
IgG | Immunoglobulin G |
IgM | Immunoglobulin M |
IL | Interleukin |
NREM | Non-Rapid Eye Movement |
NR3C1 | Glucocorticoid Receptor |
PER | Period Circadian Regulator |
REM | Rapid Eye Movement |
TNF | Tumor Necrosis Factor |
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Immunological Aspects of ADHD | ||
---|---|---|
Category | Description | Citation |
Increased proinflammatory cytokines | IL-6, IL-1-beta, and TNF-alpha increased in blood; markers correlate with the severity of the disease | [17] |
HPA axis dysregulation | Decreased morning cortisol level and decreased daily cortisol level in blood | [20] |
Increased proinflammatory salivary markers | Alpha-amylase, IgA, and IgM increased in saliva; no differences in morning cortisol in saliva | [21] |
Blood morphology changes | Increased dendritic cells, monocytes, and granulocytes | [19] |
Genetics polymorphisms | Polymorphisms of FKBP5, NR3C1, DAT1, DRD4, and 5-HTTLPR | [22,23,28,29,30] |
Changed microbiota | Gut microbiota imbalance changed potentially via stimulant usage and a higher need for antibiotic usage | [40,42] |
Increased prevalence of autoimmune diseases | Asthma, diabetes mellitus type 1, celiac disease, allergies, and thyroid abnormalities are more prevalent among ADHD subjects in comparison to non-ADHD subjects | [43,45,47,49,52] |
Immune Change in Healthy Sleep vs. Sleep Insufficiency | ||
---|---|---|
Category | Healthy Sleep | Sleep Insufficiency |
Cytokines | Affect within physiological limits with a marked increase in the IL-2, IL-12, and IL-18 | A decrease in the IL-6 |
Cells | Affect within physiological limits with a marked decrease in the granulocytes, NK cells, and all lymphocyte subsets, with first Th1 and then Th2 dominance | An increase in granulocytes |
MHC | Affect within physiological limits | Lower HLA-DR expression |
Gut microbiota | Affect within physiological limits | Dysbiosis in long-term |
Melatonin | Affect within physiological limits | A decrease in the melatonin levels |
Stress hormones | Affect within physiological limits | An increase in the level of catecholamines |
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Jaromirska, J.; Sochal, M.; Strzelecki, D.; Białasiewicz, P.; Gabryelska, A. Relationship Between Sleep and Immunology in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26, 7967. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26167967
Jaromirska J, Sochal M, Strzelecki D, Białasiewicz P, Gabryelska A. Relationship Between Sleep and Immunology in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2025; 26(16):7967. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26167967
Chicago/Turabian StyleJaromirska, Julia, Marcin Sochal, Dominik Strzelecki, Piotr Białasiewicz, and Agata Gabryelska. 2025. "Relationship Between Sleep and Immunology in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 26, no. 16: 7967. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26167967
APA StyleJaromirska, J., Sochal, M., Strzelecki, D., Białasiewicz, P., & Gabryelska, A. (2025). Relationship Between Sleep and Immunology in Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 26(16), 7967. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26167967