Correlation and Risk Assessment of Inflammation-Based Parameters on Cardiovascular Parameters and Clinical Events in Giant Cell Arteritis: A Retrospective Study
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Inflammatory Biomarkers at Study Inclusion
2.2. Differences in Inflammatory Biomarkers Between GCA Subgroups
2.3. Correlations Between Parameters of Endothelial Dysfunction, Lipids, and Aortic Diameters with Inflammatory Biomarkers
2.4. Associations Between Inflammatory Biomarkers and Outcome Parameters
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Study Design and Patient Cohort
4.2. Vascular Assessment
4.3. Biochemical Analyses
4.4. Chart Review of Outcome Parameters
4.5. Statistics
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
ACR | American College of Rheumatology |
ADMA | Asymmetric dimethylarginine |
Aix | Augmentation index |
ALT | Alanine aminotransferase |
AST | Aspartate aminotransferase |
CAD | Coronary artery disease |
CAR | CRP-to-albumin ratio |
CRP | C-reactive protein |
CT | Computed tomography |
CVAD | Carotid and vertebral artery disease |
DFR | D-dimer-to-fibrinogen ratio |
ESC | European Society of Cardiology |
ESR | Erythrocyte sedimentation rate |
EULAR | European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology |
FAR | Fibrinogen-to-albumin ratio |
GCA | Giant-cell arteritis |
HDL | High-density lipoprotein |
IDL | Intermediate-density lipoprotein |
IMT | Intima-media thickness |
LDL | Low-density lipoprotein |
LEAD | Lower extremity artery disease |
LMR | Lymphocyte-to-monocyte ratio |
MAD | Mesenteric artery disease |
MPV | Mean platelet volume |
NLR | Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio |
OR | Odds ratio |
PLR | Platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio |
PMR | Polymyalgia rheumatic |
PWV | Pulse-wave velocity |
RAD | Renal artery disease |
SDMA | Symmetric dimethylarginine |
UEAD | Upper extremity arterial disease |
VLDL | Very-low-density lipoprotein |
VSMCs | Vascular smooth muscle cells |
VTE | Venous thromboembolism |
WBC | White blood count |
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GCA (n = 138) | |
---|---|
WBC (109/L), median (25th–75th percentile) | 7.91 (6.21–9.43) |
Monocytes | 0.5 (0.4–0.7) |
Lymphocytes | 1.5 (1.2–2.0) |
Neutrophils | 5.0 (3.9–6.7) |
Thrombocytes (109/L), median (25th–75th percentile) | 246 (208–293) |
MPV (fL), median (25th–75th percentile) | 10.6 (9.9–11.3) |
NLR, median (25th–75th percentile) | 3.3 (2.3–5.1) |
LMR, median (25th–75th percentile) | 3.0 (2.0–3.8) |
PLR, median (25th–75th percentile) | 158.6 (124.3–211.6) |
AST/ALT ratio, median (25th–75th percentile) | 1.20 (1.00–1.48) |
CRP (mg/L), median (25th–75th percentile) | 3.5 (1.8–7.5) |
ESR (mm/h), median (25th–75th percentile) | 10 (6–17) |
ESR/CRP ratio, median (25th–75th percentile) | 2.35 (1.29–5.00) |
CAR, median (25th–75th percentile) | 0.83 (0.43–1.74) |
Fibrinogen (mg/dL), median (25th–75th percentile) | 320 (289–354) |
D-dimer (mg/L), median (25th–75th percentile) | 0.70 (0.45–1.08) |
FAR, median (25th–75th percentile) | 74.22 (65.65–84.61) |
DFR, median (25th–75th percentile) | 0.000187 (0.000115–0.000354) |
GCA With PMR (n = 61) | GCA Without PMR (n = 77) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|
WBC (109/L), median (25th–75th percentile) | 7.52 (5.81–9.13) | 8.20 (7.18–9.63) | 0.017 |
Monocytes | 0.6 (0.4–0.7) | 0.5 (0.4–0.7) | 0.855 |
Lymphocytes | 1.5 (1.2–2.0) | 1.5 (1.1–2.0) | 0.920 |
Neutrophils | 4.4 (3.5–6.6) | 5.6 (4.4–6.8) | 0.009 |
Thrombocytes (109/L), median (25th–75th percentile) | 246 (202–291) | 244 (209–294) | 0.692 |
MPV (fL), median (25th–75th percentile) | 10.6 (10.0–11.4) | 10.6 (9.9–11.3) | 0.886 |
NLR, median (25th–75th percentile) | 2.9 (2.1–4.4) | 3.5 (2.4–5.7) | 0.090 |
LMR, median (25th–75th percentile) | 3.1 (2.2–4.0) | 3.0 (2.0–3.8) | 0.701 |
PLR, median (25th–75th percentile) | 146.3 (121.7–203.9) | 164.6 (126.7–218.3) | 0.344 |
AST/ALT ratio, median (25th–75th percentile) | 1.24 (1.04–1.40) | 1.20 (0.95–1.50) | 0.588 |
CRP (mg/L), median (25th–75th percentile) | 3.0 (1.6–7.4) | 3.9 (2.0–7.6) | 0.397 |
ESR (mm/h), median (25th–75th percentile) | 9 (6–16) | 10 (7–18) | 0.446 |
ESR/CRP ratio, median (25th–75th percentile) | 2.55 (1.18–5.41) | 2.28 (1.45–4.44) | 0.948 |
CAR, median (25th–75th percentile) | 0.74 (0.35–1.78) | 0.94 (0.48–1.73) | 0.432 |
Fibrinogen (mg/dL), median (25th–75th percentile) | 311 (287–340) | 336 (290–358) | 0.229 |
D-dimer (mg/L), median (25th–75th percentile) | 0.58 (0.45–1.01) | 0.74 (0.43–1.12) | 0.406 |
FAR, median (25th–75th percentile) | 73.22 (65.33–84.74) | 74.22 (65.40–84.93) | 0.643 |
DFR, median (25th–75th percentile) | 0.000192 (0.000115–0.000338) | 0.000147 (0.000108–0.000378) | 0.534 |
GCA With Ocular Involvement (n = 12) | GCA Without Ocular Involvement (n = 126) | p-Value | |
WBC (109/L), median (25th–75th percentile) | 7.66 (5.83–8.39) | 7.91 (6.29–9.51) | 0.357 |
Monocytes | 0.5 (0.4–0.6) | 0.5 (0.4–0.7) | 0.275 |
Lymphocytes | 1.3 (1.1–1.8) | 1.5 (1.2–2.0) | 0.212 |
Neutrophils | 5.1 (3.4–6.3) | 5.0 (3.9–6.7) | 0.433 |
Thrombocytes (109/L), median (25th–75th percentile) | 218 (193–250) | 248 (208–295) | 0.078 |
MPV (fL), median (25th–75th percentile) | 10.8 (10.5–11.3) | 10.6 (9.9–11.4) | 0.343 |
NLR, median (25th–75th percentile) | 3.4 (2.0–5.7) | 3.2 (2.3–4.9) | 0.784 |
LMR, median (25th–75th percentile) | 3.0 (2.0–3.4) | 3.0 (2.0–3.8) | 0.592 |
PLR, median (25th–75th percentile) | 161.0 (117.1–281.1) | 158.5 (125.1–211.6) | 0.925 |
AST/ALT ratio, median (25th–75th percentile) | 1.21 (0.95–1.71) | 1.20 (1.00–1.45) | 0.761 |
CRP (mg/L), median (25th–75th percentile) | 2.8 (1.0–6.2) | 3.5 (2.0–7.5) | 0.257 |
ESR (mm/h), median (25th–75th percentile) | 8 (7–21) | 10 (6–17) | 0.709 |
ESR/CRP ratio, median (25th–75th percentile) | 3.21 (1.67–9.00) | 2.35 (1.26–5.00) | 0.507 |
CAR, median (25th–75th percentile) | 0.64 (0.23–1.55) | 0.84 (0.47–1.78) | 0.292 |
Fibrinogen (mg/dL), median (25th–75th percentile) | 334 (298–354) | 317 (288–363) | 0.845 |
D-dimer (mg/L), median (25th–75th percentile) | 1.00 (0.55–1.39) | 0.69 (0.44–1.05) | 0.158 |
FAR, median (25th–75th percentile) | 74.22 (63.40–80.68) | 74.28 (65.98–86.86) | 0.572 |
DFR, median (25th–75th percentile) | 0.000328 (0.000133–0.000510) | 0.000177 (0.000109–0.000347) | 0.241 |
GCA With High ESC Risk (n = 102) * | GCA Without High ESC Risk (n = 34) * | p-Value | |
WBC (109/L), median (25th–75th percentile) | 7.91 (6.09–9.43) | 7.86 (6.15–9.20) | 0.710 |
Monocytes | 0.5 (0.4–0.7) | 0.5 (0.4–0.7) | 0.787 |
Lymphocytes | 1.5 (1.2–2.0) | 1.6 (1.3–2.0) | 0.840 |
Neutrophils | 5.0 (3.8–6.7) | 5.0 (4.0–6.8) | 0.957 |
Thrombocytes (109/L), median (25th–75th percentile) | 243 (204–289) | 260 (229–297) | 0.229 |
MPV (fL), median (25th–75th percentile) | 10.7 (10.0–11.4) | 10.5 (9.8–11.2) | 0.161 |
NLR, median (25th–75th percentile) | 3.1 (2.4–4.9) | 3.2 (2.2–5.5) | 0.944 |
LMR, median (25th–75th percentile) | 3.0 (2.0–3.7) | 3.3 (2.0–4.0) | 0.624 |
PLR, median (25th–75th percentile) | 153.6 (124.0–211.6) | 171.8 (125.1–209.9) | 0.397 |
AST/ALT ratio, median (25th–75th percentile) | 1.19 (0.99–1.46) | 1.25 (1.16–1.53) | 0.133 |
CRP (mg/L), median (25th–75th percentile) | 3.3 (1.7–6.3) | 3.9 (2.1–9.0) | 0.235 |
ESR (mm/h), median (25th–75th percentile) | 10 (7–18) | 8 (5–17) | 0.544 |
ESR/CRP ratio, median (25th–75th percentile) | 2.56 (1.45–5.83) | 1.94 (1.17–3.37) | 0.077 |
CAR, median (25th–75th percentile) | 0.80 (0.39–1.61) | 0.90 (0.49–2.00) | 0.381 |
Fibrinogen (mg/dL), median (25th–75th percentile) | 314 (286–355) | 330 (298–352) | 0.598 |
D-dimer (mg/L), median (25th–75th percentile) | 0.71 (0.46–1.05) | 0.61 (0.39–1.29) | 0.883 |
FAR, median (25th–75th percentile) | 74.21 (66.98–84.86) | 75.90 (63.73–84.96) | 0.862 |
DFR, median (25th–75th percentile) | 0.000195 (0.000124–0.000339) | 0.000143 (0.000086–0.000374) | 0.150 |
GCA With Initial Glucocorticoid Pulse Therapy (n = 31) † | GCA Without Initial Glucocorticoid Pulse Therapy (n = 60) † | p-Value | |
WBC (109/L), median (25th–75th percentile) | 8.35 (7.52–9.99) | 7.63 (5.93–8.99) | 0.021 |
Monocytes | 0.5 (0.4–0.7) | 0.5 (0.4–0.7) | 0.474 |
Lymphocytes | 1.4 (1.1–1.9) | 1.7 (1.2–2.1) | 0.381 |
Neutrophils | 5.7 (4.8–6.9) | 4.7 (3.6–6.4) | 0.015 |
Thrombocytes (109/L), median (25th–75th percentile) | 233 (197–265) | 247 (215–296) | 0.118 |
MPV (fL), median (25th–75th percentile) | 10.7 (10.1–11.3) | 10.8 (10.0–11.4) | 0.887 |
NLR, median (25th–75th percentile) | 4.1 (2.6–6.0) | 2.9 (2.2–4.5) | 0.061 |
LMR, median (25th–75th percentile) | 2.8 (2.0–3.5) | 3.2 (2.3–3.9) | 0.230 |
PLR, median (25th–75th percentile) | 160.0 (125.3–221.2) | 153.6 (117.1–214.4) | 0.847 |
AST/ALT ratio, median (25th–75th percentile) | 1.13 (0.81–1.69) | 1.23 (1.00–1.50) | 0.419 |
CRP (mg/L), median (25th–75th percentile) | 3.8 (1.6–6.3) | 3.1 (1.5–6.3) | 0.840 |
ESR (mm/h), median (25th–75th percentile) | 10 (7–18) | 10 (5–18) | 0.398 |
ESR/CRP ratio, median (25th–75th percentile) | 2.26 (1.55–7.15) | 2.70 (1.29–5.40) | 0.919 |
CAR, median (25th–75th percentile) | 0.96 (0.39–1.61) | 0.71 (0.34–1.58) | 0.702 |
Fibrinogen (mg/dL), median (25th–75th percentile) | 336 (291–354) | 316 (288–350) | 0.662 |
D-dimer (mg/L), median (25th–75th percentile) | 0.93 (0.51–1.31) | 0.59 (0.38–1.03) | 0.066 |
FAR, median (25th–75th percentile) | 73.74 (70.98–80.35) | 74.04 (63.37–85.63) | 0.970 |
DFR, median (25th–75th percentile) | 0.000171 (0.000125–0.000333) | 0.000203 (0.000112–0.000392) | 0.881 |
Carotid IMT | Femoral IMT | Subclavian IMT | Carotid–Femoral PWV | Aix | ADMA | SDMA | Diameter of Ascending Aorta | Diameter of Thoracic Descending Aorta | Diameter of Infrarenal Abdominal Aorta | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
WBC | r | 0.107 | −0.041 | −0.016 | −0.030 | −0.003 | −0.076 | 0.123 | 0.025 | −0.065 | 0.075 |
p | 0.105 | 0.541 | 0.812 | 0.680 | 0.969 | 0.282 | 0.082 | 0.714 | 0.335 | 0.311 | |
Monocytes | r | 0.059 | −0.053 | 0.002 | 0.061 | 0.039 | 0.076 | 0.147 | 0.029 | 0.054 | 0.171 |
p | 0.380 | 0.438 | 0.980 | 0.404 | 0.592 | 0.288 | 0.040 | 0.674 | 0.428 | 0.021 | |
Lymphocytes | r | −0.011 | −0.031 | 0.047 | 0.054 | 0.052 | −0.051 | −0.100 | 0.107 | 0.039 | 0.003 |
p | 0.871 | 0.646 | 0.491 | 0.458 | 0.474 | 0.472 | 0.159 | 0.111 | 0.563 | 0.969 | |
Neutrophils | r | 0.058 | −0.051 | −0.065 | −0.070 | −0.045 | −0.040 | 0.112 | 0.033 | −0.070 | 0.070 |
p | 0.389 | 0.454 | 0.343 | 0.338 | 0.535 | 0.581 | 0.118 | 0.633 | 0.310 | 0.346 | |
Thrombocytes | r | 0.008 | −0.123 | −0.058 | 0.142 | 0.115 | 0.066 | 0.110 | 0.014 | −0.021 | 0.091 |
p | 0.906 | 0.084 | 0.395 | 0.071 | 0.111 | 0.350 | 0.121 | 0.841 | 0.753 | 0.219 | |
MPV | r | −0.079 | −0.018 | 0.058 | −0.069 | −0.067 | −0.089 | −0.081 | 0.107 | 0.065 | 0.006 |
p | 0.234 | 0.791 | 0.394 | 0.344 | 0.355 | 0.208 | 0.255 | 0.113 | 0.338 | 0.934 | |
NLR | r | 0.024 | −0.042 | −0.094 | −0.080 | −0.075 | 0.052 | 0.156 | −0.041 | −0.081 | 0.063 |
p | 0.717 | 0.534 | 0.173 | 0.275 | 0.304 | 0.471 | 0.029 | 0.545 | 0.237 | 0.396 | |
LMR | r | −0.025 | 0.016 | 0.055 | −0.020 | 0.037 | −0.139 | −0.239 | 0.026 | 0.029 | −0.162 |
p | 0.709 | 0.815 | 0.421 | 0.781 | 0.609 | 0.052 | <0.001 | 0.709 | 0.670 | 0.029 | |
PLR | r | 0.007 | −0.056 | −0.039 | 0.028 | 0.037 | 0.095 | 0.169 | −0.092 | −0.050 | 0.079 |
p | 0.912 | 0.405 | 0.566 | 0.700 | 0.610 | 0.179 | 0.016 | 0.171 | 0.458 | 0.283 | |
AST/ALT ratio | r | 0.073 | 0.023 | −0.031 | −0.004 | 0.063 | 0.011 | 0.091 | −0.093 | −0.017 | 0.079 |
p | 0.274 | 0.732 | 0.649 | 0.951 | 0.380 | 0.877 | 0.200 | 0.169 | 0.800 | 0.284 | |
CRP | r | 0.090 | −0.008 | 0.034 | 0.039 | −0.070 | 0.128 | 0.259 | 0.015 | −0.012 | 0.110 |
p | 0.179 | 0.905 | 0.624 | 0.597 | 0.337 | 0.074 | <0.001 | 0.832 | 0.859 | 0.141 | |
ESR | r | 0.067 | −0.030 | −0.006 | −0.040 | −0.048 | 0.048 | 0.280 | 0.001 | −0.095 | 0.056 |
p | 0.345 | 0.671 | 0.932 | 0.602 | 0.536 | 0.514 | <0.001 | 0.985 | 0.187 | 0.472 | |
ESR/CRP ratio | r | −0.113 | −0.053 | −0.111 | −0.047 | 0.073 | −0.090 | −0.096 | −0.009 | −0.097 | −0.082 |
p | 0.108 | 0.451 | 0.123 | 0.545 | 0.345 | 0.223 | 0.194 | 0.901 | 0.178 | 0.291 | |
CAR | r | 0.108 | 0.030 | 0.056 | 0.043 | −0.081 | 0.139 | 0.274 | 0.013 | −0.011 | 0.100 |
p | 0.108 | 0.656 | 0.419 | 0.562 | 0.271 | 0.055 | <0.001 | 0.849 | 0.875 | 0.183 | |
Fibrinogen | r | 0.045 | −0.127 | −0.110 | 0.088 | −0.010 | 0.141 | 0.246 | 0.026 | −0.115 | 0.064 |
p | 0.599 | 0.139 | 0.209 | 0.354 | 0.915 | 0.138 | 0.009 | 0.762 | 0.189 | 0.513 | |
D-dimer | r | 0.043 | −0.025 | −0.025 | 0.122 | −0.007 | 0.098 | 0.267 | −0.172 | −0.145 | 0.142 |
p | 0.536 | 0.723 | 0.722 | 0.111 | 0.926 | 0.188 | <0.001 | 0.051 | 0.064 | 0.066 | |
FAR | r | 0.112 | 0.011 | −0.040 | 0.052 | −0.105 | 0.235 | 0.326 | −0.002 | −0.095 | 0.083 |
p | 0.192 | 0.903 | 0.650 | 0.586 | 0.273 | 0.014 | <0.001 | 0.978 | 0.279 | 0.403 | |
DFR | r | 0.033 | −0.008 | 0.015 | 0.113 | 0.011 | 0.100 | 0.244 | −0.173 | 0.005 | 0.348 |
p | 0.704 | 0.929 | 0.871 | 0.245 | 0.907 | 0.305 | 0.011 | 0.051 | 0.955 | <0.001 |
Total Cholesterol | VLDL | LDL | IDL | HDL | Triglycerides | Lipoprotein (a) | Apolipoprotein A1 | Apolipoprotein B | VLDL Size | LDL Size | HDL Size | Large VLDL Particles | LDL Particles | HDL Particles | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
WBC | r | 0.110 | 0.190 | 0.070 | 0.044 | 0.002 | 0.281 | −0.007 | 0.032 | 0.148 | 0.207 | 0.004 | −0.131 | 0.181 | 0.103 | 0.027 |
p | 0.089 | 0.013 | 0.286 | 0.527 | 0.971 | <0.001 | 0.917 | 0.626 | 0.026 | 0.001 | 0.950 | 0.044 | 0.008 | 0.165 | 0.684 | |
Monocytes | r | −0.080 | 0.022 | −0.024 | −0.105 | −0.143 | 0.033 | −0.048 | −0.153 | 0.026 | 0.033 | 0.001 | −0.063 | −0.025 | −0.024 | −0.079 |
p | 0.225 | 0.780 | 0.716 | 0.131 | 0.030 | 0.617 | 0.475 | 0.022 | 0.697 | 0.617 | 0.986 | 0.344 | 0.727 | 0.746 | 0.233 | |
Lymphocytes | r | 0.092 | 0.076 | 0.038 | 0.024 | 0.045 | 0.145 | −0.092 | 0.161 | 0.081 | 0.147 | 0.026 | −0.096 | 0.093 | −0.007 | 0.284 |
p | 0.158 | 0.327 | 0.561 | 0.731 | 0.495 | 0.026 | 0.168 | 0.015 | 0.224 | 0.024 | 0.688 | 0.142 | 0.177 | 0.929 | <0.001 | |
Neutrophils | r | 0.050 | 0.108 | 0.015 | 0.041 | 0.024 | 0.197 | 0.057 | 0.022 | 0.086 | 0.138 | −0.005 | −0.071 | 0.138 | 0.076 | −0.040 |
p | 0.454 | 0.168 | 0.819 | 0.555 | 0.716 | 0.003 | 0.402 | 0.743 | 0.199 | 0.037 | 0.941 | 0.284 | 0.048 | 0.313 | 0.544 | |
Thrombocytes | r | 0.062 | −0.007 | 0.129 | 0.032 | 0.018 | −0.001 | 0.085 | 0.014 | 0.104 | −0.069 | −0.009 | −0.049 | −0.044 | 0.069 | −0.016 |
p | 0.338 | 0.925 | 0.047 | 0.646 | 0.787 | 0.991 | 0.205 | 0.832 | 0.118 | 0.295 | 0.890 | 0.455 | 0.527 | 0.352 | 0.811 | |
MPV | r | 0.085 | 0.035 | 0.006 | −0.041 | 0.054 | 0.093 | −0.053 | 0.110 | 0.069 | 0.105 | −0.022 | −0.067 | 0.080 | −0.165 | 0.143 |
p | 0.196 | 0.655 | 0.930 | 0.549 | 0.411 | 0.157 | 0.428 | 0.101 | 0.299 | 0.108 | 0.735 | 0.310 | 0.249 | 0.026 | 0.029 | |
NLR | r | −0.036 | −0.022 | −0.009 | −0.017 | −0.041 | 0.026 | 0.084 | −0.124 | 0.008 | −0.023 | −0.010 | 0.029 | 0.008 | 0.007 | −0.261 |
p | 0.584 | 0.782 | 0.898 | 0.810 | 0.538 | 0.690 | 0.211 | 0.064 | 0.903 | 0.731 | 0.880 | 0.663 | 0.904 | 0.930 | <0.001 | |
LMR | r | 0.136 | 0.095 | 0.029 | 0.117 | 0.149 | 0.102 | −0.048 | 0.245 | 0.008 | 0.143 | 0.003 | −0.068 | 0.133 | 0.062 | 0.309 |
p | 0.039 | 0.226 | 0.659 | 0.095 | 0.024 | 0.122 | 0.479 | <0.001 | 0.908 | 0.031 | 0.964 | 0.304 | 0.059 | 0.413 | <0.001 | |
PLR | r | −0.052 | −0.117 | 0.043 | −0.019 | −0.048 | −0.131 | 0.110 | −0.150 | −0.019 | −0.182 | −0.051 | 0.061 | −0.111 | 0.000 | −0.265 |
p | 0.428 | 0.130 | 0.510 | 0.783 | 0.459 | 0.044 | 0.099 | 0.024 | 0.772 | 0.005 | 0.440 | 0.349 | 0.108 | >0.999 | <0.001 | |
AST/ALT ratio | r | 0.024 | −0.130 | 0.036 | 0.034 | 0.145 | −0.223 | 0.001 | 0.075 | −0.019 | −0.245 | −0.016 | 0.205 | −0.181 | 0.021 | −0.042 |
p | 0.717 | 0.091 | 0.582 | 0.627 | 0.026 | <0.001 | 0.991 | 0.257 | 0.770 | <0.001 | 0.810 | 0.002 | 0.009 | 0.778 | 0.524 | |
CRP | r | −0.243 | 0.002 | −0.094 | −0.220 | −0.330 | 0.010 | 0.032 | −0.398 | −0.016 | −0.113 | 0.094 | −0.073 | −0.074 | −0.197 | −0.397 |
p | <0.001 | 0.983 | 0.152 | 0.001 | <0.001 | 0.875 | 0.632 | <0001 | 0.817 | 0.086 | 0.154 | 0.269 | 0.294 | 0.008 | <0.001 | |
ESR | r | −0.146 | −0.012 | 0.009 | −0.168 | −0.262 | −0.008 | 0.047 | −0.316 | 0.011 | −0.163 | 0.079 | −0.083 | −0.113 | −0.075 | −0.348 |
p | 0.035 | 0.881 | 0.896 | 0.021 | <0.001 | 0.914 | 0.508 | <0.001 | 0.872 | 0.018 | 0.253 | 0.231 | 0.126 | 0.339 | <0.001 | |
ESR/CRP ratio | r | 0.104 | −0.055 | 0.053 | 0.107 | 0.116 | −0.028 | −0.005 | 0.152 | −0.012 | 0.021 | −0.071 | −0.017 | 0.004 | 0.083 | 0.161 |
p | 0.131 | 0.496 | 0.443 | 0.142 | 0.093 | 0.687 | 0.949 | 0.030 | 0.863 | 0.758 | 0.307 | 0.804 | 0.958 | 0.287 | 0.020 | |
CAR | r | −0.262 | 0.015 | −0.110 | −0.215 | −0.349 | 0.005 | 0.035 | −0.409 | −0.025 | −0.122 | 0.116 | −0.070 | −0.074 | −0.186 | −0.406 |
p | <0.001 | 0.851 | 0.099 | 0.002 | <0.001 | 0.934 | 0.607 | <0.001 | 0.710 | 0.067 | 0.082 | 0.295 | 0.295 | 0.014 | <0.001 | |
Fibrinogen | r | −0.156 | −0.103 | −0.006 | −0.141 | −0.198 | −0.112 | 0.069 | −0.257 | 0.007 | −0.167 | −0.030 | −0.091 | −0.175 | −0.103 | −0.217 |
p | 0.063 | 0.301 | 0.946 | 0.115 | 0.018 | 0.183 | 0.422 | 0.002 | 0.938 | 0.048 | 0.728 | 0.283 | 0.053 | 0.292 | 0.010 | |
D-dimer | r | −0.113 | 0.009 | 0.026 | −0.046 | −0.222 | −0.044 | 0.108 | −0.307 | 0.054 | −0.144 | 0.134 | −0.015 | −0.080 | −0.101 | −0.300 |
p | 0.102 | 0.910 | 0.703 | 0.531 | 0.001 | 0.527 | 0.121 | <0.001 | 0.435 | 0.036 | 0.052 | 0.829 | 0.277 | 0.198 | <0.001 | |
FAR | r | −0.294 | −0.079 | −0.101 | −0.154 | −0.368 | −0.110 | 0.078 | −0.443 | −0.041 | −0.211 | 0.071 | −0.098 | −0.169 | −0.133 | −0.415 |
p | <0.001 | 0.436 | 0.241 | 0.088 | <0.001 | 0.199 | 0.369 | <0.001 | 0.637 | 0.013 | 0.410 | 0.252 | 0.065 | 0.177 | <0.001 | |
DFR | r | −0.167 | −0.028 | −0.082 | 0.019 | −0.132 | −0.166 | 0.096 | −0.210 | −0.062 | −0.151 | 0.136 | 0.107 | −0.172 | −0.037 | −0.249 |
p | 0.052 | 0.782 | 0.346 | 0.837 | 0.126 | 0.055 | 0.273 | 0.015 | 0.481 | 0.081 | 0.118 | 0.220 | 0.065 | 0.713 | 0.004 |
WBC | Monocytes | Lymphocytes | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
OR | 95% CI | p-value | OR | 95% CI | p-value | OR | 95% CI | p-value | |
Any cardiovascular event | 1.68 | 0.48–5.84 | 0.414 | 2.15 | 0.83–5.61 | 0.116 | 1.20 | 0.49–2.93 | 0.691 |
Death | 1.40 | 0.19–10.18 | 0.740 | 0.75 | 0.17–3.35 | 0.702 | 0.26 | 0.06–1.12 | 0.070 |
Any glucocorticoid adverse effect | 0.56 | 0.14–2.34 | 0.428 | 0.59 | 0.20–1.79 | 0.353 | 0.77 | 0.27–2.15 | 0.616 |
Newly developed relapse | 26.50 | 3.55–198.08 | 0.001 | 1.51 | 0.39–5.90 | 0.552 | 1.04 | 0.30–3.61 | 0.948 |
Neutrophils | Thrombocytes | MPV | |||||||
OR | 95% CI | p-value | OR | 95% CI | p-value | OR | 95% CI | p-value | |
Any cardiovascular event | 1.12 | 0.45–2.80 | 0.803 | 0.94 | 0.23–3.76 | 0.927 | 6.09 | 0.12–302.52 | 0.364 |
Death | 1.10 | 0.24–5.18 | 0.901 | 0.73 | 0.08–6.82 | 0.785 | 1.27 | 0.00–646.08 | 0.940 |
Any glucocorticoid adverse effect | 1.10 | 0.38–3.19 | 0.860 | 0.58 | 0.12–2.88 | 0.503 | 0.36 | 0.00–31.32 | 0.651 |
Newly developed relapse | 7.21 | 1.73–30.15 | 0.007 | 5.57 | 0.75–41.36 | 0.093 | 0.04 | 0.00–8.59 | 0.238 |
NLR | LMR | PLR | |||||||
OR | 95% CI | p-value | OR | 95% CI | p-value | OR | 95% CI | p-value | |
Any cardiovascular event | 0.93 | 0.50–1.74 | 0.825 | 0.73 | 0.34–1.56 | 0.413 | 0.84 | 0.37–1.92 | 0.672 |
Death | 2.15 | 0.72–6.42 | 0.170 | 0.45 | 0.13–1.61 | 0.221 | 2.86 | 0.75–11.02 | 0.126 |
Any glucocorticoid adverse effect | 1.26 | 0.61–2.60 | 0.538 | 1.07 | 0.44–2.58 | 0.882 | 1.03 | 0.40–2.68 | 0.947 |
Newly developed relapse | 2.13 | 0.84–5.41 | 0.111 | 0.95 | 0.32–2.82 | 0.927 | 1.75 | 0.55–5.54 | 0.343 |
AST/ALT Ratio | CRP | ESR | |||||||
OR | 95% CI | p-value | OR | 95% CI | p-value | OR | 95% CI | p-value | |
Any cardiovascular event | 0.95 | 0.36–2.49 | 0.917 | 1.02 | 0.73–1.44 | 0.894 | 0.95 | 0.62–1.45 | 0.797 |
Death | 0.76 | 0.16–3.62 | 0.733 | 1.01 | 0.58–1.74 | 0.974 | 0.98 | 0.51–1.89 | 0.944 |
Any glucocorticoid adverse effect | 0.79 | 0.26–2.36 | 0.665 | 1.20 | 0.81–1.79 | 0.362 | 1.16 | 0.69–1.81 | 0.659 |
Newly developed relapse | 0.44 | 0.11–1.75 | 0.241 | 0.79 | 0.49–1.29 | 0.350 | 1.11 | 0.61–2.03 | 0.732 |
ESR/CRP Ratio | CAR | Fibrinogen | |||||||
OR | 95% CI | p-value | OR | 95% CI | p-value | OR | 95% CI | p-value | |
Any cardiovascular event | 0.90 | 0.61–1.31 | 0.568 | 0.98 | 0.70–1.38 | 0.904 | 2.29 | 0.19–27.66 | 0.515 |
Death | 0.95 | 0.53–1.71 | 0.872 | 1.05 | 0.61–1.81 | 0.853 | 4.97 | 0.22–113.46 | 0.315 |
Any glucocorticoid adverse effect | 0.88 | 0.57–1.35 | 0.548 | 1.18 | 0.80–1.75 | 0.413 | 2.12 | 0.10–46.09 | 0.632 |
Newly developed relapse | 1.25 | 0.74–2.11 | 0.398 | 0.81 | 0.50–1.30 | 0.373 | 1.37 | 0.06–30.72 | 0.842 |
D-Dimer | FAR | DFR | |||||||
OR | 95% CI | p-value | OR | 95% CI | p-value | OR | 95% CI | p-value | |
Any cardiovascular event | 1.03 | 0.62–1.72 | 0.917 | 0.53 | 0.04–6.77 | 0.628 | 1.06 | 0.55–2.03 | 0.863 |
Death | 1.31 | 0.59–2.90 | 0.501 | 17.86 | 0.67–468.78 | 0.086 | 1.35 | 0.55–3.31 | 0.515 |
Any glucocorticoid adverse effect | 0.77 | 0.43–1.39 | 0.388 | 0.98 | 0.05–19.62 | 0.990 | 0.57 | 0.26–1.27 | 0.169 |
Newly developed relapse | 1.03 | 0.51–2.05 | 0.944 | 1.34 | 0.05–33.51 | 0.860 | 0.95 | 0.41–2.20 | 0.898 |
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Schweiger, L.; Meinitzer, A.; Szolar, D.; Brodmann, M.; Dejaco, C.; Hafner, F.; Jud, P. Correlation and Risk Assessment of Inflammation-Based Parameters on Cardiovascular Parameters and Clinical Events in Giant Cell Arteritis: A Retrospective Study. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26, 7016. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26147016
Schweiger L, Meinitzer A, Szolar D, Brodmann M, Dejaco C, Hafner F, Jud P. Correlation and Risk Assessment of Inflammation-Based Parameters on Cardiovascular Parameters and Clinical Events in Giant Cell Arteritis: A Retrospective Study. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2025; 26(14):7016. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26147016
Chicago/Turabian StyleSchweiger, Leyla, Andreas Meinitzer, Dieter Szolar, Marianne Brodmann, Christian Dejaco, Franz Hafner, and Philipp Jud. 2025. "Correlation and Risk Assessment of Inflammation-Based Parameters on Cardiovascular Parameters and Clinical Events in Giant Cell Arteritis: A Retrospective Study" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 26, no. 14: 7016. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26147016
APA StyleSchweiger, L., Meinitzer, A., Szolar, D., Brodmann, M., Dejaco, C., Hafner, F., & Jud, P. (2025). Correlation and Risk Assessment of Inflammation-Based Parameters on Cardiovascular Parameters and Clinical Events in Giant Cell Arteritis: A Retrospective Study. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 26(14), 7016. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26147016