Regulation of MdANR in Anti-Burning Process of Apple Peel

Feng, Yifeng; Tian, Wenya; Guo, Junjiao; Fu, Jianghong; Wang, Jiangbo; Wang, Yan; Zhao, Zhengyang

doi:10.3390/ijms26104656

Open AccessArticle

Regulation of MdANR in Anti-Burning Process of Apple Peel

by

Yifeng Feng

^1,2,

Wenya Tian

¹,

Junjiao Guo

¹,

Jianghong Fu

²,

Jiangbo Wang

¹

,

Yan Wang

^1,* and

Zhengyang Zhao

^2,*

¹

College of Horticulture and Forestry, Tarim University, Alar 843300, China

²

College of Horticulture, Northwest A&F University, Yangling 712100, China

^*

Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.

Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26(10), 4656; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26104656

Submission received: 14 February 2025 / Revised: 24 April 2025 / Accepted: 1 May 2025 / Published: 13 May 2025

(This article belongs to the Special Issue Formation, Regulation and Affecting Factors of Fruit Quality, 2nd Edition)

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Abstract

Sunburn in apple peel significantly affects fruit appearance and reduces its commercial value. Previous research has shown that apple peel reduces sunburn by increasing the accumulation of proanthocyanidins (PAs) and other protective compounds. However, the precise molecular regulatory mechanism remains unclear. In this study, we systematically investigated MdANR, a key gene involved in PAs biosynthesis. We found that MdANR expression in apple peel is responsive to temperature and light fluctuations, with higher expression levels observed under increased temperature and light exposure. Functional analysis revealed that MdANR overexpression in apple peel and callus enhanced resistance to high-temperature and -light-intensity stress, accompanied by a corresponding increase in PAs and chlorogenic acid contents. In addition, we demonstrated that MdMYBR9 can activate MdANR promoter activity and promote its expression through yeast one-hybrid, dual-luciferase, and electrophoretic mobility transfer experiments. The results indicated that MdMYBR9 was an upstream regulator of MdANR. Based on these findings, this study proposes the MdMYBR9-MdANR-PAs regulatory model for apple sunburn resistance, providing a molecular framework for enhancing sunburn tolerance in apple breeding programs.

Keywords: MdANR; regulate; apple fruit; resist sunburn

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MDPI and ACS Style

Feng, Y.; Tian, W.; Guo, J.; Fu, J.; Wang, J.; Wang, Y.; Zhao, Z. Regulation of MdANR in Anti-Burning Process of Apple Peel. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2025, 26, 4656. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26104656

AMA Style

Feng Y, Tian W, Guo J, Fu J, Wang J, Wang Y, Zhao Z. Regulation of MdANR in Anti-Burning Process of Apple Peel. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2025; 26(10):4656. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26104656

Chicago/Turabian Style

Feng, Yifeng, Wenya Tian, Junjiao Guo, Jianghong Fu, Jiangbo Wang, Yan Wang, and Zhengyang Zhao. 2025. "Regulation of MdANR in Anti-Burning Process of Apple Peel" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 26, no. 10: 4656. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26104656

APA Style

Feng, Y., Tian, W., Guo, J., Fu, J., Wang, J., Wang, Y., & Zhao, Z. (2025). Regulation of MdANR in Anti-Burning Process of Apple Peel. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 26(10), 4656. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms26104656

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Regulation of MdANR in Anti-Burning Process of Apple Peel

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