Serum Levels of Adiponectin Are Strongly Associated with Lipoprotein Subclasses in Healthy Volunteers but Not in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Demographic and Clinical Characteristics and Laboratory Data in HVs and Patients with MS
2.2. Correlation Analyses between Adiponectin and the Serum Levels of VLDL, IDL, and LDL
2.3. Correlation Analyses between Adiponectin and the Serum Levels of HDL
2.4. Associations of Lipoprotein Parameters with Low and High Adiponectin Levels in HVs and Patients with MS
2.4.1. Orthogonal Partial Least-Squares Discriminant Analysis (OPLS-DA)
2.4.2. Logistic Regression Analysis
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Study Design, Participants, and Routine Laboratory Procedures
4.2. Adiponectin Measurements
4.3. Lipoprotein Profiling Using Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) Spectroscopy
4.4. Statistics
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | All (N = 130) | HV (N = 65) | MS (N = 65) | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (years) | 56.0 (50.0, 60.0) | 56.0 (50.0, 59.0) | 57.0 (50.0, 60.0) | 0.440 |
Sex (female) | 62 (47.7%) | 31 (47.7%) | 31 (47.7%) | 1.000 |
Body weight (kg) | 87.5 (75.2, 102.8) | 77.0 (68.0, 88.0) | 98.0 (86.0, 113.5) | <0.001 |
Body height (m) | 1.74 ± 0.10 | 1.75 ± 0.10 | 1.73 ± 0.11 | 0.243 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 28.8 (25.1, 32.7) | 25.1 (23.7, 28.1) | 32.6 (29.8, 35.9) | <0.001 |
Waist circumference (cm) | 103.1 ± 16.5 | 92.2 ± 11.6 | 113.9 ± 13.2 | <0.001 |
SBP (mmHg) | 130.0 (120.0, 140.0) | 120.0 (115.0, 130.0) | 140.0 (130.0, 145.0) | <0.001 |
DBP (mmHg) | 80.0 (70.0, 80.0) | 70.0 (70.0, 80.0) | 80.0 (70.0, 80.0) | <0.001 |
MAP (mmHg) | 96.7 (88.3, 100.0) | 88.3 (85.0, 96.7) | 98.3 (96.7, 101.7) | <0.001 |
MetSSS | 2.4 (0.8, 4.2) | 0.7 (0.0, 2.3) | 3.8 (2.6, 4.8) | <0.001 |
Chronic diseases | ||||
Arterial hypertension | 60 (46.2%) | 0 (0.0%) | 60 (92.3%) | <0.001 |
Diabetes mellitus type 2 | 27 (20.8%) | 0 (0.0%) | 27 (41.5%) | <0.001 |
Stable angina pectoris | 2 (1.5%) | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (3.1%) | 0.496 |
Atrial fibrillation | 2 (1.5%) | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (3.1%) | 0.496 |
CVI and TIA | 1 (0.8%) | 0 (0.0%) | 1 (1.5%) | 1.000 |
Intermittent claudications | 4 (3.1%) | 0 (0.0%) | 4 (6.2%) | 0.119 |
Deep venous thrombosis | 6 (4.6%) | 1 (1.5%) | 5 (7.7%) | 0.208 |
Pulmonary embolism | 2 (1.5%) | 0 (0.0%) | 2 (3.1%) | 0.496 |
Functions and habits | ||||
Smoking | 34 (26.2%) | 16 (24.6%) | 18 (27.7%) | 0.842 |
Physical activity (≥3 times/week) | 105 (80.8%) | 58 (89.2%) | 47 (72.3%) | 0.025 |
Menstrual cycle (female) | 18/62 (29.0%) | 12/31 (38.7%) | 6/31 (19.4%) | 0.161 |
Variable | All (N = 130) | HV (N = 65) | MS (N = 65) | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
Adiponectin (µg/mL) | 14.0 (10.4, 19.4) | 15.1 (11.6, 22.2) | 13.0 (9.9, 17.2) | 0.006 |
Triglycerides (mmol/L) | 1.3 (0.9, 1.9) | 1.0 (0.8, 1.4) | 1.6 (1.1, 2.2) | <0.001 |
Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 5.3 (4.7, 6.1) | 5.5 (5.1, 6.0) | 5.0 (4.3, 6.2) | 0.057 |
LDL-C (mmol/L) | 3.2 (2.5, 3.7) | 3.3 (2.8, 3.7) | 3.0 (2.3, 3.7) | 0.077 |
HDL-C (mmol/L) | 1.4 (1.1, 1.7) | 1.6 (1.4, 1.8) | 1.2 (1.0, 1.4) | <0.001 |
Glucose (mmol/L) | 5.3 (4.9, 5.7) | 4.9 (4.8, 5.2) | 5.7 (5.3, 6.5) | <0.001 |
Protein (g/L) | 73.0 (70.0, 76.0) | 72.0 (69.0, 75.0) | 75.0 (71.0, 77.0) | 0.002 |
Albumin (g/L) | 48.0 (46.0, 49.0) | 47.0 (46.0, 49.0) | 48.0 (45.0, 49.0) | 0.465 |
CRP (µg/mL) | 1.8 (0.8, 3.7) | 1.2 (0.6, 2.3) | 2.4 (1.2, 5.5) | <0.001 |
IL-6 (pg/mL) | 3.0 (2.1, 5.3) | 2.3 (1.7, 3.0) | 4.1 (2.7, 6.8) | <0.001 |
Bilirubin (µmol/L) | 8.5 (6.0, 11.6) | 9.6 (7.4, 13.3) | 7.4 (5.5, 10.4) | 0.012 |
AST (U/L) | 23.0 (20.0, 27.0) | 23.0 (20.0, 25.0) | 23.0 (19.0, 32.0) | 0.244 |
ALT (U/L) | 24.0 (19.0, 36.0) | 22.0 (18.0, 29.0) | 30.0 (22.0, 43.0) | <0.001 |
AP (U/L) | 61.0 (51.0, 73.0) | 60.0 (49.0, 70.0) | 65.0 (52.0, 81.0) | 0.065 |
GGT (U/L) | 24.5 (15.2, 38.0) | 16.0 (13.0, 30.0) | 31.0 (21.0, 44.0) | <0.001 |
CK (U/L) | 124.5 (83.0, 186.8) | 115.0 (81.0, 153.0) | 133.0 (86.0, 226.0) | 0.048 |
LDH (U/L) | 172.0 (150.5, 192.0) | 168.0 (147.0, 191.0) | 176.0 (158.0, 193.0) | 0.365 |
Urea (mmol/L) | 5.3 (4.5, 6.3) | 5.0 (4.2, 6.0) | 5.6 (4.8, 6.5) | 0.004 |
Urate (µmol/L) | 297.5 (249.9, 345.1) | 273.7 (232.0, 327.2) | 315.3 (279.7, 362.9) | <0.001 |
Creatinine (µmol/L) | 77.9 (67.3, 87.6) | 77.9 (69.0, 89.4) | 76.6 (65.5, 87.0) | 0.414 |
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 88.0 (78.0, 97.1) | 87.5 (77.2, 93.6) | 88.9 (79.1, 98.0) | 0.358 |
Sodium (mmol/L) | 139.0 (138.0, 141.0) | 140.0 (138.0, 141.0) | 139.0 (138.0, 140.0) | 0.041 |
Potassium (mmol/L) | 4.2 (4.1, 4.6) | 4.3 (4.1, 4.5) | 4.2 (4.1, 4.6) | 0.703 |
Chloride (mmol/L) | 100.0 (98.2, 102.8) | 101.0 (99.0, 103.0) | 100.0 (98.0, 101.0) | 0.006 |
Adiponectin (µg/mL) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
HV (N = 65) | MS (N = 65) | |||
Variable (mg/dL) | r | p | r | p |
VLDL-C | −0.44 | 0.0003 | −0.15 | 0.2406 |
VLDL1-C | −0.44 | 0.0002 | −0.18 | 0.1565 |
VLDL2-C | −0.42 | 0.0005 | −0.16 | 0.2099 |
VLDL3-C | −0.45 | 0.0002 | −0.15 | 0.2334 |
VLDL4-C | −0.37 | 0.0021 | −0.09 | 0.4980 |
VLDL5-C | 0.02 | 0.8480 | 0.19 | 0.1281 |
VLDL-FC | −0.44 | 0.0003 | −0.15 | 0.2456 |
VLDL1-FC | −0.52 | <0.0001 | −0.22 | 0.0724 |
VLDL2-FC | −0.44 | 0.0002 | −0.21 | 0.0932 |
VLDL3-FC | −0.43 | 0.0004 | −0.19 | 0.1381 |
VLDL4-FC | −0.37 | 0.0025 | −0.08 | 0.5392 |
VLDL5-FC | 0.02 | 0.8595 | −0.02 | 0.8983 |
VLDL-TG | −0.51 | <0.0001 | −0.23 | 0.0625 |
VLDL1-TG | −0.53 | <0.0001 | −0.27 | 0.0305 |
VLDL2-TG | −0.48 | 0.0001 | −0.21 | 0.0957 |
VLDL3-TG | −0.44 | 0.0003 | −0.18 | 0.1401 |
VLDL4-TG | −0.40 | 0.0010 | −0.17 | 0.1778 |
VLDL5-TG | 0.03 | 0.8010 | 0.05 | 0.6917 |
VLDL-PL | −0.47 | 0.0001 | −0.22 | 0.0847 |
VLDL1-PL | −0.55 | <0.0001 | −0.26 | 0.0335 |
VLDL2-PL | −0.49 | <0.0001 | −0.22 | 0.0778 |
VLDL3-PL | −0.45 | 0.0001 | −0.21 | 0.0942 |
VLDL4-PL | −0.42 | 0.0005 | −0.14 | 0.2809 |
VLDL5-PL | −0.10 | 0.4176 | 0.07 | 0.5612 |
VLDL-apoB | −0.44 | 0.0002 | −0.18 | 0.1623 |
Adiponectin (µg/mL) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
HV (N = 65) | MS (N = 65) | |||
Variable (mg/dL) | r | p | r | p |
IDL-C | −0.42 | 0.0005 | −0.07 | 0.5765 |
IDL-FC | −0.43 | 0.0003 | −0.09 | 0.4883 |
IDL-TG | −0.43 | 0.0004 | −0.16 | 0.1988 |
IDL-PL | −0.41 | 0.0006 | −0.11 | 0.3826 |
IDL-apoB | −0.39 | 0.0015 | −0.08 | 0.5405 |
Adiponectin (µg/mL) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
HV (N = 65) | MS (N = 65) | |||
Variable (mg/dL) | r | p | r | p |
LDL-C | −0.17 | 0.1788 | 0.14 | 0.2695 |
LDL1-C | 0.18 | 0.1421 | 0.40 | 0.0011 |
LDL2-C | 0.29 | 0.0175 | 0.16 | 0.2032 |
LDL3-C | 0.05 | 0.6650 | 0.24 | 0.0579 |
LDL4-C | −0.44 | 0.0002 | 0.15 | 0.2264 |
LDL5-C | −0.58 | <0.0001 | −0.05 | 0.7202 |
LDL6-C | −0.39 | 0.0012 | −0.19 | 0.1245 |
LDL-FC | −0.07 | 0.5977 | 0.19 | 0.1221 |
LDL1-FC | 0.17 | 0.1826 | 0.39 | 0.0012 |
LDL2-FC | 0.33 | 0.0072 | 0.19 | 0.1389 |
LDL3-FC | 0.18 | 0.1521 | 0.28 | 0.0226 |
LDL4-FC | −0.33 | 0.0075 | 0.22 | 0.0854 |
LDL5-FC | −0.52 | <0.0001 | 0.04 | 0.7578 |
LDL6-FC | −0.33 | 0.0076 | −0.14 | 0.2724 |
LDL-TG | −0.19 | 0.1251 | 0.03 | 0.7852 |
LDL1-TG | 0.00 | 0.9788 | 0.16 | 0.2032 |
LDL2-TG | 0.16 | 0.2017 | 0.16 | 0.2084 |
LDL3-TG | 0.17 | 0.1729 | 0.22 | 0.0752 |
LDL4-TG | −0.37 | 0.0021 | 0.09 | 0.4614 |
LDL5-TG | −0.47 | 0.0001 | −0.10 | 0.4094 |
LDL6-TG | −0.17 | 0.1709 | −0.17 | 0.1716 |
LDL-PL | −0.14 | 0.2730 | 0.21 | 0.0993 |
LDL1-PL | 0.20 | 0.1185 | 0.42 | 0.0004 |
LDL2-PL | 0.32 | 0.0090 | 0.20 | 0.1074 |
LDL3-PL | 0.08 | 0.5141 | 0.27 | 0.0328 |
LDL4-PL | −0.46 | 0.0001 | 0.16 | 0.2024 |
LDL5-PL | −0.59 | <0.0001 | −0.02 | 0.9014 |
LDL6-PL | −0.32 | 0.0083 | −0.17 | 0.1644 |
LDL-apoB | −0.26 | 0.0384 | 0.09 | 0.4987 |
LDL1-apoB | 0.21 | 0.0956 | 0.40 | 0.0010 |
LDL2-apoB | 0.29 | 0.0182 | 0.16 | 0.2153 |
LDL3-apoB | 0.04 | 0.7334 | 0.25 | 0.0444 |
LDL4-apoB | −0.49 | <0.0001 | 0.14 | 0.2495 |
LDL5-apoB | −0.58 | <0.0001 | −0.07 | 0.5689 |
LDL6-apoB | −0.41 | 0.0007 | −0.18 | 0.1539 |
Adiponectin (µg/mL) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
HV (N = 65) | MS (N = 65) | |||
Variable (mg/dL) | r | p | r | p |
HDL-C | 0.53 | <0.0001 | 0.32 | 0.0099 |
HDL1-C | 0.58 | <0.0001 | 0.27 | 0.0304 |
HDL2-C | 0.57 | <0.0001 | 0.38 | 0.0018 |
HDL3-C | 0.40 | 0.0009 | 0.34 | 0.0057 |
HDL4-C | −0.15 | 0.2239 | 0.13 | 0.3129 |
HDL-FC | 0.55 | <0.0001 | 0.42 | 0.0005 |
HDL1-FC | 0.52 | <0.0001 | 0.32 | 0.0087 |
HDL2-FC | 0.47 | 0.0001 | 0.33 | 0.0065 |
HDL3-FC | 0.20 | 0.1123 | 0.37 | 0.0027 |
HDL4-FC | −0.14 | 0.2639 | 0.26 | 0.0385 |
HDL-TG | 0.16 | 0.1958 | 0.24 | 0.0508 |
HDL1-TG | 0.44 | 0.0002 | 0.30 | 0.0136 |
HDL2-TG | 0.18 | 0.1434 | 0.23 | 0.0685 |
HDL3-TG | −0.09 | 0.4864 | 0.10 | 0.4067 |
HDL4-TG | −0.42 | 0.0005 | 0.00 | 0.9834 |
HDL-PL | 0.59 | <0.0001 | 0.43 | 0.0004 |
HDL1-PL | 0.61 | <0.0001 | 0.35 | 0.0042 |
HDL2-PL | 0.59 | <0.0001 | 0.40 | 0.0011 |
HDL3-PL | 0.42 | 0.0004 | 0.36 | 0.0030 |
HDL4-PL | −0.11 | 0.3640 | 0.20 | 0.1132 |
HDL-apoA-I | 0.49 | <0.0001 | 0.37 | 0.0022 |
HDL1-apoA-I | 0.58 | <0.0001 | 0.33 | 0.0082 |
HDL2-apoA-I | 0.54 | <0.0001 | 0.31 | 0.0110 |
HDL3-apoA-I | 0.38 | 0.0021 | 0.32 | 0.0084 |
HDL4-apoA-I | −0.22 | 0.0760 | 0.19 | 0.1328 |
HDL-apoA-II | −0.06 | 0.6577 | 0.12 | 0.3386 |
HDL1-apoA-II | 0.46 | 0.0001 | 0.20 | 0.1069 |
HDL2-apoA-II | 0.36 | 0.0031 | 0.14 | 0.2698 |
HDL3-apoA-II | −0.08 | 0.5036 | 0.13 | 0.2986 |
HDL4-apoA-II | −0.37 | 0.0027 | 0.00 | 0.9822 |
Adiponectin (µg/mL) | ||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 | |||||
Variable (mg/dL) | r | p | r | p | r | p | r | p |
HDL-C | 0.42 | 0.0007 | 0.42 | 0.0009 | 0.40 | 0.0015 | 0.34 | 0.0064 |
HDL1-C | 0.44 | 0.0004 | 0.43 | 0.0005 | 0.42 | 0.0007 | 0.41 | 0.0009 |
HDL2-C | 0.45 | 0.0003 | 0.45 | 0.0003 | 0.44 | 0.0004 | 0.39 | 0.0015 |
HDL-FC | 0.40 | 0.0012 | 0.40 | 0.0015 | 0.38 | 0.0023 | 0.33 | 0.0080 |
HDL1-FC | 0.38 | 0.0025 | 0.37 | 0.0030 | 0.35 | 0.0049 | 0.34 | 0.0076 |
HDL2-FC | 0.33 | 0.0088 | 0.34 | 0.0077 | 0.31 | 0.0134 | 0.27 | 0.0334 |
HDL1-TG | 0.19 | 0.1425 | 0.19 | 0.1515 | 0.17 | 0.1811 | 0.21 | 0.1045 |
HDL-PL | 0.43 | 0.0006 | 0.43 | 0.0006 | 0.40 | 0.0012 | 0.36 | 0.0042 |
HDL1-PL | 0.45 | 0.0002 | 0.45 | 0.0003 | 0.43 | 0.0005 | 0.43 | 0.0005 |
HDL2-PL | 0.44 | 0.0004 | 0.44 | 0.0003 | 0.43 | 0.0006 | 0.40 | 0.0014 |
HDL3-PL | 0.28 | 0.0283 | 0.28 | 0.0267 | 0.27 | 0.0366 | 0.21 | 0.1004 |
HDL-apoA-I | 0.32 | 0.0110 | 0.32 | 0.0129 | 0.29 | 0.0225 | 0.24 | 0.0648 |
HDL1-apoA-I | 0.41 | 0.0009 | 0.41 | 0.0011 | 0.39 | 0.0017 | 0.39 | 0.0016 |
HDL2-apoA-I | 0.37 | 0.0027 | 0.37 | 0.0031 | 0.35 | 0.0057 | 0.32 | 0.0124 |
HDL1-apoA-II | 0.28 | 0.0281 | 0.28 | 0.0319 | 0.25 | 0.0462 | 0.29 | 0.0231 |
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Klobučar, I.; Habisch, H.; Klobučar, L.; Trbušić, M.; Pregartner, G.; Berghold, A.; Kostner, G.M.; Scharnagl, H.; Madl, T.; Frank, S.; et al. Serum Levels of Adiponectin Are Strongly Associated with Lipoprotein Subclasses in Healthy Volunteers but Not in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 5050. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25095050
Klobučar I, Habisch H, Klobučar L, Trbušić M, Pregartner G, Berghold A, Kostner GM, Scharnagl H, Madl T, Frank S, et al. Serum Levels of Adiponectin Are Strongly Associated with Lipoprotein Subclasses in Healthy Volunteers but Not in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(9):5050. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25095050
Chicago/Turabian StyleKlobučar, Iva, Hansjörg Habisch, Lucija Klobučar, Matias Trbušić, Gudrun Pregartner, Andrea Berghold, Gerhard M. Kostner, Hubert Scharnagl, Tobias Madl, Saša Frank, and et al. 2024. "Serum Levels of Adiponectin Are Strongly Associated with Lipoprotein Subclasses in Healthy Volunteers but Not in Patients with Metabolic Syndrome" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 9: 5050. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25095050