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Review

Exploring Localized Provoked Vulvodynia: Insights from Animal Model Research

by
Yara Nakhleh-Francis
1,2,3,*,
Yaseen Awad-Igbaria
2,3,
Reem Sakas
2,3,
Sarina Bang
1,2,3,
Saher Abu-Ata
2,3,
Eilam Palzur
2,3,
Lior Lowenstein
1,2,3,† and
Jacob Bornstein
1,2,3,†
1
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya 2210001, Israel
2
Research Institute of Galilee Medical Center, Nahariya 2210001, Israel
3
Azrieli Faculty of Medicine, Bar-Ilan University, Safed 1311502, Israel
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(8), 4261; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25084261
Submission received: 21 March 2024 / Revised: 7 April 2024 / Accepted: 9 April 2024 / Published: 11 April 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Molecular Links between Sensory Nerves, Inflammation, and Pain 3.0)
Review Reports Versions Notes

Abstract

Provoked vulvodynia represents a challenging chronic pain condition, characterized by its multifactorial origins. The inherent complexities of human-based studies have necessitated the use of animal models to enrich our understanding of vulvodynia’s pathophysiology. This review aims to provide an exhaustive examination of the various animal models employed in this research domain. A comprehensive search was conducted on PubMed, utilizing keywords such as “vulvodynia”, “chronic vulvar pain”, “vulvodynia induction”, and “animal models of vulvodynia” to identify pertinent studies. The search yielded three primary animal models for vulvodynia: inflammation-induced, allergy-induced, and hormone-induced. Additionally, six agents capable of triggering the condition through diverse pathways were identified, including factors contributing to hyperinnervation, mast cell proliferation, involvement of other immune cells, inflammatory cytokines, and neurotransmitters. This review systematically outlines the various animal models developed to study the pathogenesis of provoked vulvodynia. Understanding these models is crucial for the exploration of preventative measures, the development of novel treatments, and the overall advancement of research within the field.
Keywords: Localized Provoked Vulvodynia (LPV); chronic vulvar pain; vulvodynia; animal model of vulvodynia; vulvodynia induction; hyperinnervation Localized Provoked Vulvodynia (LPV); chronic vulvar pain; vulvodynia; animal model of vulvodynia; vulvodynia induction; hyperinnervation

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MDPI and ACS Style

Nakhleh-Francis, Y.; Awad-Igbaria, Y.; Sakas, R.; Bang, S.; Abu-Ata, S.; Palzur, E.; Lowenstein, L.; Bornstein, J. Exploring Localized Provoked Vulvodynia: Insights from Animal Model Research. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 4261. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25084261

AMA Style

Nakhleh-Francis Y, Awad-Igbaria Y, Sakas R, Bang S, Abu-Ata S, Palzur E, Lowenstein L, Bornstein J. Exploring Localized Provoked Vulvodynia: Insights from Animal Model Research. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(8):4261. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25084261

Chicago/Turabian Style

Nakhleh-Francis, Yara, Yaseen Awad-Igbaria, Reem Sakas, Sarina Bang, Saher Abu-Ata, Eilam Palzur, Lior Lowenstein, and Jacob Bornstein. 2024. "Exploring Localized Provoked Vulvodynia: Insights from Animal Model Research" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 8: 4261. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25084261

APA Style

Nakhleh-Francis, Y., Awad-Igbaria, Y., Sakas, R., Bang, S., Abu-Ata, S., Palzur, E., Lowenstein, L., & Bornstein, J. (2024). Exploring Localized Provoked Vulvodynia: Insights from Animal Model Research. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 25(8), 4261. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25084261

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