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Review

The Role of Fibrogenesis and Extracellular Matrix Proteins in the Pathogenesis of Graves’ Ophthalmopathy

by
Hsun-I Chiu
1,2,
Shi-Bei Wu
3 and
Chieh-Chih Tsai
1,2,*
1
Department of Ophthalmology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei 112, Taiwan
2
School of Medicine, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei 112, Taiwan
3
Biomedical Commercialization Center, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(6), 3288; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25063288
Submission received: 30 January 2024 / Revised: 6 March 2024 / Accepted: 12 March 2024 / Published: 14 March 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue The Role of Extracellular Matrix Proteins in Pathogenesis)
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Abstract

Graves’ ophthalmopathy (GO), or thyroid eye disease (TED), is the most frequent extrathyroidal manifestation of Graves’ disease (GD). Inflammation and subsequent aberrant tissue remodeling with fibrosis are important pathogenesis. There are many proposed mechanisms and molecular pathways contributing to tissue remodeling and fibrosis in GO, including adipogenesis, fibroblast proliferation and myofibroblasts differentiation, oxidative stress, endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress, hyaluronan (HA) and glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) accumulation in the extracellular matrix (ECM) and new concepts of epigenetics modification, such as histone modification, DNA methylation, non-coding RNAs, and gut microbiome. This review summarizes the current understanding of ECM proteins and associated tissue remodeling in the pathogenesis and potential mediators for the treatment of GO.
Keywords: Graves’ orbital fibroblasts; Graves’ ophthalmopathy (GO); transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1); oxidative stress; endoplasmic reticulum (ER); epigenetics Graves’ orbital fibroblasts; Graves’ ophthalmopathy (GO); transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1); oxidative stress; endoplasmic reticulum (ER); epigenetics

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MDPI and ACS Style

Chiu, H.-I.; Wu, S.-B.; Tsai, C.-C. The Role of Fibrogenesis and Extracellular Matrix Proteins in the Pathogenesis of Graves’ Ophthalmopathy. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 3288. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25063288

AMA Style

Chiu H-I, Wu S-B, Tsai C-C. The Role of Fibrogenesis and Extracellular Matrix Proteins in the Pathogenesis of Graves’ Ophthalmopathy. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(6):3288. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25063288

Chicago/Turabian Style

Chiu, Hsun-I, Shi-Bei Wu, and Chieh-Chih Tsai. 2024. "The Role of Fibrogenesis and Extracellular Matrix Proteins in the Pathogenesis of Graves’ Ophthalmopathy" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 6: 3288. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25063288

APA Style

Chiu, H.-I., Wu, S.-B., & Tsai, C.-C. (2024). The Role of Fibrogenesis and Extracellular Matrix Proteins in the Pathogenesis of Graves’ Ophthalmopathy. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 25(6), 3288. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25063288

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