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Volume 25
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Review

Small Extracellular Vesicles and Oxidative Pathophysiological Mechanisms in Retinal Degenerative Diseases

by
Francisco J. Romero
1,*,
Manuel Diaz-Llopis
2,
M. Inmaculada Romero-Gomez
3,
Maria Miranda
4,
Rebeca Romero-Wenz
1,
Javier Sancho-Pelluz
5,
Belén Romero
5,6,
Maria Muriach
7 and
Jorge M. Barcia
5
1
Hospital General de Requena, Conselleria de Sanitat, Generalitat Valenciana, 46340 Requena, Spain
2
Facultad de Medicina y Odontología, Universitat de València, 46010 Valencia, Spain
3
Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Europea de Valencia, 46010 Valencia, Spain
4
Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad CEU-Cardenal Herrera, 46115 Alfara del Patriarca, Spain
5
Facultad de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Católica de Valencia, 46001 Valencia, Spain
6
Unidad de Cuidados intensivos, Hospital de Manises, 46940 Manises, Spain
7
Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universitat Jaume I, 12006 Castelló de la Plana, Spain
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(3), 1618; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25031618
Submission received: 3 January 2024 / Revised: 20 January 2024 / Accepted: 26 January 2024 / Published: 28 January 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Retinal Diseases and Cell Signaling)
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Abstract

This review focuses on the role of small extracellular vesicles in the pathophysiological mechanisms of retinal degenerative diseases. Many of these mechanisms are related to or modulated by the oxidative burden of retinal cells. It has been recently demonstrated that cellular communication in the retina involves extracellular vesicles and that their rate of release and cargo features might be affected by the cellular environment, and in some instances, they might also be mediated by autophagy. The fate of these vesicles is diverse: they could end up in circulation being used as markers, or target neighbor cells modulating gene and protein expression, or eventually, in angiogenesis. Neovascularization in the retina promotes vision loss in diseases such as diabetic retinopathy and age-related macular degeneration. The importance of micro RNAs, either as small extracellular vesicles’ cargo or free circulating, in the regulation of retinal angiogenesis is also discussed.
Keywords: exosomes; retinal diseases; oxidative stress; autophagy; microRNAs exosomes; retinal diseases; oxidative stress; autophagy; microRNAs

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MDPI and ACS Style

Romero, F.J.; Diaz-Llopis, M.; Romero-Gomez, M.I.; Miranda, M.; Romero-Wenz, R.; Sancho-Pelluz, J.; Romero, B.; Muriach, M.; Barcia, J.M. Small Extracellular Vesicles and Oxidative Pathophysiological Mechanisms in Retinal Degenerative Diseases. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 1618. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25031618

AMA Style

Romero FJ, Diaz-Llopis M, Romero-Gomez MI, Miranda M, Romero-Wenz R, Sancho-Pelluz J, Romero B, Muriach M, Barcia JM. Small Extracellular Vesicles and Oxidative Pathophysiological Mechanisms in Retinal Degenerative Diseases. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(3):1618. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25031618

Chicago/Turabian Style

Romero, Francisco J., Manuel Diaz-Llopis, M. Inmaculada Romero-Gomez, Maria Miranda, Rebeca Romero-Wenz, Javier Sancho-Pelluz, Belén Romero, Maria Muriach, and Jorge M. Barcia. 2024. "Small Extracellular Vesicles and Oxidative Pathophysiological Mechanisms in Retinal Degenerative Diseases" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 3: 1618. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25031618

APA Style

Romero, F. J., Diaz-Llopis, M., Romero-Gomez, M. I., Miranda, M., Romero-Wenz, R., Sancho-Pelluz, J., Romero, B., Muriach, M., & Barcia, J. M. (2024). Small Extracellular Vesicles and Oxidative Pathophysiological Mechanisms in Retinal Degenerative Diseases. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 25(3), 1618. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25031618

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