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Review

Scanning the Horizon for Environmental Applications of Genetically Modified Viruses Reveals Challenges for Their Environmental Risk Assessment

by
Michael F. Eckerstorfer
1,*,
Marion Dolezel
1,
Marianne Miklau
1,
Anita Greiter
1,
Andreas Heissenberger
1 and
Margret Engelhard
2
1
Umweltbundesamt–Environment Agency Austria (EAA), Landuse and Biosafety Unit, Spittelauer Lände 5, 1090 Vienna, Austria
2
Federal Agency for Nature Conservation, Division Assessment Synthetic Biology, Enforcement Genetic Engineering Act, Konstantinstr. 110, 53179 Bonn, Germany
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(3), 1507; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25031507
Submission received: 27 December 2023 / Revised: 19 January 2024 / Accepted: 22 January 2024 / Published: 25 January 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Virus Engineering and Applications: 2nd Edition)
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Abstract

The release of novel genetically modified (GM) virus applications into the environment for agricultural, veterinary, and nature-conservation purposes poses a number of significant challenges for risk assessors and regulatory authorities. Continuous efforts to scan the horizon for emerging applications are needed to gain an overview of new GM virus applications. In addition, appropriate approaches for risk assessment and management have to be developed. These approaches need to address pertinent challenges, in particular with regard to the environmental release of GM virus applications with a high probability for transmission and spreading, including transboundary movements and a high potential to result in adverse environmental effects. However, the current preparedness at the EU and international level to assess such GM virus application is limited. This study addresses some of the challenges associated with the current situation, firstly, by conducting a horizon scan to identify emerging GM virus applications with relevance for the environment. Secondly, outstanding issues regarding the environmental risk assessment (ERA) of GM virus applications are identified based on an evaluation of case study examples. Specifically, the limited scientific information available for the ERA of some applications and the lack of detailed and appropriate guidance for ERA are discussed. Furthermore, considerations are provided for future work that is needed to establish adequate risk assessment and management approaches.
Keywords: genetically modified; virus; bacteriophage; environmental risk assessment; horizon scan; agriculture; nature conservation; veterinary vaccines genetically modified; virus; bacteriophage; environmental risk assessment; horizon scan; agriculture; nature conservation; veterinary vaccines

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MDPI and ACS Style

Eckerstorfer, M.F.; Dolezel, M.; Miklau, M.; Greiter, A.; Heissenberger, A.; Engelhard, M. Scanning the Horizon for Environmental Applications of Genetically Modified Viruses Reveals Challenges for Their Environmental Risk Assessment. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 1507. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25031507

AMA Style

Eckerstorfer MF, Dolezel M, Miklau M, Greiter A, Heissenberger A, Engelhard M. Scanning the Horizon for Environmental Applications of Genetically Modified Viruses Reveals Challenges for Their Environmental Risk Assessment. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(3):1507. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25031507

Chicago/Turabian Style

Eckerstorfer, Michael F., Marion Dolezel, Marianne Miklau, Anita Greiter, Andreas Heissenberger, and Margret Engelhard. 2024. "Scanning the Horizon for Environmental Applications of Genetically Modified Viruses Reveals Challenges for Their Environmental Risk Assessment" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 3: 1507. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25031507

APA Style

Eckerstorfer, M. F., Dolezel, M., Miklau, M., Greiter, A., Heissenberger, A., & Engelhard, M. (2024). Scanning the Horizon for Environmental Applications of Genetically Modified Viruses Reveals Challenges for Their Environmental Risk Assessment. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 25(3), 1507. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25031507

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