Fenestrated Endothelial Cells across Organs: Insights into Kidney Function and Disease
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Endothelial Cell Fenestrations: From Development to Structure and Function
2.1. Structure and Function
2.2. Development
2.3. Fenestrations in Different Organs
2.3.1. Brain
2.3.2. Gastrointestinal Tract
2.3.3. Liver
2.3.4. Bone
2.3.5. Retina
2.3.6. Kidneys
Organ/Tissue Type | Diaphragmed? | Discontinued? | Basement Membrane? | Primary Functions | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Choroid plexus | Yes | No | Yes | Deliver water for cerebrospinal fluid production; Facilitate lymphocyte infiltration. | [36,37,38] |
Small intestine | Yes | No | Yes | Nutrient transport; Facilitate immune cell-intestinal epithelial cell crosstalk. | [41,43] |
Liver sinusoids | No | Yes | No | Molecular transport across live sinusoids to facilitate liver metabolism and homeostasis; Promote T cell interaction with hepatocytes; Trans-endothelium migration of monocytes. | [45,49,50] |
Bone | No | Yes | Yes | Facilitate osteogenesis and hematopoiesis through trafficking of cells, delivery of oxygen and nutrients, and angiocrine factors to mediate regeneration | [60,61] |
Retina | Yes | No | Yes | Regulates oxygen and nutrient supply to photoreceptors and glial cells of the retina, which maintains visual perception | [64,65,66] |
Kidney glomerulus | No | No | Yes | Facilitate water and small solute transport across the glomerular filtration barrier. | [73,75] |
Kidney peritubular capillaries | Yes | No | Yes | Regulation of water, protein, and small molecule transport in the interstitium. | [76,77] |
2.4. Implications for Kidney Disease
2.4.1. Diabetic Nephropathy
2.4.2. Focal Segmental Glomerulosclerosis
2.4.3. Alport Syndrome
2.4.4. Preeclampsia
3. Future Perspectives
3.1. Leveraging Specialized EC Phenotypes for In Vitro Kidney Disease Modeling
3.2. Challenges in Modeling Kidney EC Fenestrations In Vitro
3.3. Emerging Microphysiological Models of Kidney EC Fenestrations
3.4. Towards hiPSC-Derived Models of Fenestrated Kidney ECs
Author Contributions
Funding
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Mou, X.; Leeman, S.M.; Roye, Y.; Miller, C.; Musah, S. Fenestrated Endothelial Cells across Organs: Insights into Kidney Function and Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 9107. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25169107
Mou X, Leeman SM, Roye Y, Miller C, Musah S. Fenestrated Endothelial Cells across Organs: Insights into Kidney Function and Disease. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(16):9107. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25169107
Chicago/Turabian StyleMou, Xingrui, Sophia M. Leeman, Yasmin Roye, Carmen Miller, and Samira Musah. 2024. "Fenestrated Endothelial Cells across Organs: Insights into Kidney Function and Disease" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 16: 9107. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25169107