Resistance Exercise Training as a New Trend in Alzheimer’s Disease Research: From Molecular Mechanisms to Prevention
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Alzheimer’s Disease
2.1. Main Hypotheses for Alzheimer’s Disease
2.2. Other Hypotheses for Alzheimer’s Disease
2.2.1. Vascular Hypothesis
2.2.2. Oxidative Hypothesis
2.2.3. Lipid Hypothesis
2.2.4. Neuroinflammation Hypothesis
3. Resistance Exercise Training
3.1. Molecular Mechanisms
3.2. Considerations
4. Resistance Exercise Training as a Preventive Strategy for Alzheimer’s Disease
4.1. Alzheimer’s Disease in Skeletal Muscle and Brain
4.2. Resistance Exercise Training and Main Hypotheses for Alzheimer’s Disease
4.3. Resistance Exercise Training and Other Hypotheses for Alzheimer’s Disease
5. Discussion and Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Species | Reference | Aim | Model/ Pathology |
---|---|---|---|
Animals | [14] | Determined whether short-term resistance exercise inhibits neuroinflammation and attenuated neuropathological changes in 3xTg-AD mice. | 3xTg-AD mice |
[15] | Determined the potential protective effects of aerobic, resistance, and combined exercise methods on an AD-like model induced by ovariectomy and D-galactose administration. | AD-like model | |
[17] | Determined the effects of aerobic training and resistance training on hippocampal BDNF and IGF-1 signaling, Aβ expression, and the myokine cathepsin B in the 3xTg-AD model. | 3xTg-AD mice | |
[18] | Analyzed hippocampal changes in Aβ load, inflammatory responses, and locomotor activity in a transgenic APP/PS1 mouse model of AD submitted to a resistance exercise program. | APP/PS1 mice | |
[34] | Determined the mechanisms involved in overload-induced muscle hypertrophy in the context of type I diabetes, specifically examining whether such hypertrophy can counteract the muscle hypotrophy associated with the diabetic state. | Type I diabetes rats | |
[69] | Determined the acute changes that occur in skeletal muscles following a single bout of high-resistance exercise and assessed the relationship between the acute molecular responses and long-term muscle hypertrophy induced by high-resistance exercise training. | Wistar rats | |
[78] | Determined the molecular mechanism underlying the accelerated onset of AD induced by skeletal muscle atrophy. | 5XFAD mice | |
[79] | Determined the relationship between apolipoprotein E levels and Aβ accumulation in the brains of transgenic AβPPswe/tg2576 (tg2576) mice, a commonly used model for AD. | tg2576 mice | |
[85] | Determined the impact of disease progression in AD on the physiological features of skeletal muscle using a mouse model. | 3xTg-AD mice | |
[89] | Determined the molecular mechanisms underlying the impairment of new protein synthesis in the synapse in AD pathology, particularly focusing on the Akt1/mTOR signaling pathways. | APP/PS1 mice | |
[90] | Determined the therapeutic potential of the apolipoprotein E mimetic peptide COG1410 in AD using the transgenic APP/PS1 mouse model. | APP/PS1 mice | |
[96] | Determined the effect of chronic endurance exercise on tau phosphorylation levels in the brain with an AD-like pathology, using a transgenic mouse model of tauopathies. | AD-like model | |
[101] | Determined the effect of physical resistance training on lipid metabolism and apoptosis in the adult Wistar rat prostate. | Wistar rats | |
[103] | Investigated the role of prophylactic muscular strength exercise in diminishing cognitive alterations and modifying antioxidant intracellular scenery in an animal neuroinflammatory model in the CA1 region of the hippocampus. | Wistar rats | |
[104] | Evaluated the neuroprotective effect of preconditioning resistance training on aged mice undergoing abdominal surgery, and examined the underlying mechanisms related to the neuroinflammatory state and synaptic plasticity in the hippocampus. | C57BL/6N mice | |
[105] | Evaluated the role of resistance exercise in mitigating anxiety and depression-like behaviors induced by stress in a mouse model. Specifically, the study investigated the effects of resistance exercise on behavioral phenotypes, hippocampal neuroinflammation, and the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway in mice subjected to a single prolonged emotional stress protocol. | Swiss mice | |
[119] | Evaluated muscle cross-sectional area, myonuclear number, satellite cell content, and myosin heavy chain types in an animal model of AD, and examined the possible role of resistance training in controlling skeletal muscle size in this disease. | Wistar rat with induced AD | |
[126] | Evaluated the effects of RET and/or glutamine supplementation on signaling protein synthesis in adult rat skeletal muscle. | Rats | |
Cells | [33] | Determined the molecular mechanisms underlying the cytotoxic effects of streptozotocin on HepG2 hepatoma cells, focusing specifically on the role of oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and metabolic alterations. | HepG2 cells |
[36] | Determined the effect of streptozotocin on neuronal activity using a novel one-dimensional electro-plasmonic nanograting platform. | Neurons | |
[53] | Determined the influence of cholesterol levels on the proteolytic processing of the amyloid precursor protein by the β-secretase Bace1 in living human neuroblastoma cells. | Neuroblastoma cells | |
[64] | Determined the mechanism underlying the inefficient degradation of protein UBB (+1), which is generated from an erroneous transcriptional process of the ubiquitin B gene. | HeLa and SH-SY5Y cells | |
[88] | Determined the impact of forebrain neuron exposure to suramin on the Akt/mTOR signaling pathway, a major regulator of autophagy, in comparison with rapamycin and chloroquine, and investigated the effect of suramin on several AD-related biomarkers in sporadic AD-derived forebrain neurons. | Neurons | |
[92] | Determined the role of myelin breakdown in AD progression, focusing on its relation to oligodendrocyte progenitor cells and the neurotrophin system. | Oligodendrocytes | |
Humans | [7] | Examined the influence of age, education, and physical activity on executive function performance and the interaction effects between these factors on two subpopulations of adults, that is, young adults and middle-aged adults. | Healthy individuals |
[8] | Determined the impact of cognitive function on physical activity, physical function, and health-related quality of life in older adults within the first year after hip fracture surgery. | Healthy individuals | |
[11] | Determined the hippocampal response to a 24-month physical activity intervention in sedentary older adults. | Healthy individuals | |
[12] | Determined the effects of a long-term exercise intervention on two prominent biomarkers of inflammation (C-reactive protein and interleukin 6) in elderly men and women. | Healthy individuals | |
[20] | Determined the incidence and distribution of various pathologies across neurodegenerative diseases and normal aging in a retrospective study of 1647 autopsied individuals. | Autopsied individuals | |
[23] | Determined how frequently visual function deficits occur in the language variant of AD and how frequently language deficits occur in the visual variant of AD. | Patients with AD | |
[24] | Determined the sex-specific differences and similarities in the hippocampus and its subfields (CA1 and CA3) in AD. | Autopsied individuals | |
[26] | Developed an early and accurate diagnostic classification model for neurodegenerative dementia subtypes, specifically AD, frontotemporal dementia, and mild cognitive impairment, using resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging data and clinical information. | Patients with AD | |
[27] | Determined the relationship between baseline tau positron-emission tomography and the rate of subsequent clinical decline in individuals with atypical forms of early AD. | Patients with AD | |
[36] | Determined the effect of a single bout of exercise on GLUT4 gene expression in muscle of patients with type 2 diabetes and control subjects, matched for age and body mass index. | Patients with type 2 diabetes | |
[38] | Determined the relationship between aortic stiffening, as measured by aortic pulse wave velocity, and brain health indicators, specifically resting cerebral blood flow and cerebrovascular reactivity, in older adults. | Healthy individuals | |
[39] | Examined temporal relationships between vascular stiffness, central hemodynamics, microvascular function, and blood pressure progression. | Patients with vascular injuries | |
[84] | Examined body composition in individuals with early AD and without dementia and its relation to cognition and brain volume. | Patients with dementia | |
[93] | Explored the relationship between BDNF and VEGF serum levels with future brain Aβ and tau pathology in a cohort of cognitively healthy, predominantly middle-aged adults, and tested for possible effect modifications by sex and menopausal status. | Healthy individuals | |
[94] | Determined the potential of neurotrophin growth factors and their receptors as biomarkers for AD. Specifically, the researchers assessed the messenger RNA expression levels of neurotrophin growth factors (such as BDNF) and their receptors (such as NTRK2, TrkA, and TrkC) in blood samples collected from patients with AD and healthy controls. | Patients with AD | |
[102] | Investigated and compared the molecular response to two different types of skeletal muscle activity, specifically endurance exercise and resistance exercise, using the untargeted metabolomics profiling of plasma. | Healthy individuals | |
[106] | Observed the effect of 12 weeks of resistance training on peripheral biomarker levels, cognitive function changes, and their interrelationship in older adults with different risks of mild cognitive impairment. Specifically, the study investigated whether resistance training has differential effects on cognitive function and biomarker levels in older adults with a high risk of mild cognitive impairment compared with those with a low risk of mild cognitive impairment. | Older adults with a low and high risk of mild cognitive impairment | |
[107] | Determined whether resistance training can improve inflammatory markers, fatigue (both sensations and fatigability), and physical performance in breast cancer survivors. Additionally, the study investigated whether changes in inflammatory markers, fatigue, and physical performance are associated with each other in this population. | Breast cancer survivors | |
[109] | Evaluated the effects of resistance training combined with dietary advice on chronic inflammation in elderly individuals. Specifically, the study assessed changes in anthropometric parameters and inflammatory biomarkers before and after a long-term progressive resistance training program associated with dietary advice. | Elderly people | |
[110] | Analyzed the impact of exercise on the serum of patients with advanced-stage pancreatic cancer and its effects on pancreatic cancer cell proliferation, motility, and apoptosis. | Patients with pancreatic cancer | |
[111] | Determined the synergistic effects of gotu kola supplementation and multicomponent exercise on cognitive function, inflammation, and oxidative stress in older adults with mild cognitive impairment. | Patients with mild cognitive impairment | |
[123] | Investigated the expression and regulation of BDNF and mature BDNF in human skeletal muscle and plasma under various physiological conditions, including rest, acute exercise, lactate infusion, and fasting. | Healthy individuals | |
[127] | Characterized the genetic landscape of AD and related dementias through a two-stage genome-wide association study. | Patients with AD | |
[128] | Investigated whether exercise training modifies the whole blood methylation profile in healthy women. Specifically, the study assessed changes in methylation patterns following a 14-week exercise training protocol, which included aerobic cardiorespiratory and muscle strength exercises. | Healthy individuals | |
[129] | Investigated the modulation of microRNAs associated with myogenesis following physical performance, particularly in the context of running a half marathon. | Healthy individuals |
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Sepúlveda-Lara, A.; Sepúlveda, P.; Marzuca-Nassr, G.N. Resistance Exercise Training as a New Trend in Alzheimer’s Disease Research: From Molecular Mechanisms to Prevention. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 7084. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25137084
Sepúlveda-Lara A, Sepúlveda P, Marzuca-Nassr GN. Resistance Exercise Training as a New Trend in Alzheimer’s Disease Research: From Molecular Mechanisms to Prevention. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(13):7084. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25137084
Chicago/Turabian StyleSepúlveda-Lara, Alexis, Paulina Sepúlveda, and Gabriel Nasri Marzuca-Nassr. 2024. "Resistance Exercise Training as a New Trend in Alzheimer’s Disease Research: From Molecular Mechanisms to Prevention" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 13: 7084. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25137084