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Volume 25
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10.3390/ijms25105168
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Review

Essential Oil Constituents as Anti-Inflammatory and Neuroprotective Agents: An Insight through Microglia Modulation

by
Nikola M. Stojanović
1,
Pavle J. Ranđelović
1,
Maja Simonović
2,3,
Milica Radić
3,4,
Stefan Todorović
3,
Myles Corrigan
5,
Andrew Harkin
5 and
Fabio Boylan
5,6,*
1
Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, 18000 Niš, Serbia
2
Department of Psychiatry, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, 18000 Niš, Serbia
3
University Clinical Centre Niš, 18000 Niš, Serbia
4
Department of Oncology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Niš, 18000 Niš, Serbia
5
School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Trinity College Dublin, Dublin 2, Ireland
6
Trinity Biomedical Sciences Institute (TBSI) and The Trinity Centre for Natural Product Research (NatPro), D02 R590 Dublin, Ireland
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25(10), 5168; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25105168
Submission received: 30 March 2024 / Revised: 30 April 2024 / Accepted: 7 May 2024 / Published: 9 May 2024
(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Immunology)
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Abstract

Microglia are key players in the brain’s innate immune response, contributing to homeostatic and reparative functions but also to inflammatory and underlying mechanisms of neurodegeneration. Targeting microglia and modulating their function may have therapeutic potential for mitigating neuroinflammation and neurodegeneration. The anti-inflammatory properties of essential oils suggest that some of their components may be useful in regulating microglial function and microglial-associated neuroinflammation. This study, starting from the ethnopharmacological premises of the therapeutic benefits of aromatic plants, assessed the evidence for the essential oil modulation of microglia, investigating their potential pharmacological mechanisms. Current knowledge of the phytoconstituents, safety of essential oil components, and anti-inflammatory and potential neuroprotective effects were reviewed. This review encompasses essential oils of Thymus spp., Artemisia spp., Ziziphora clinopodioides, Valeriana jatamansi, Acorus spp., and others as well as some of their components including 1,8-cineole, β-caryophyllene, β-patchoulene, carvacrol, β-ionone, eugenol, geraniol, menthol, linalool, thymol, α-asarone, and α-thujone. Essential oils that target PPAR/PI3K-Akt/MAPK signalling pathways could supplement other approaches to modulate microglial-associated inflammation to treat neurodegenerative diseases, particularly in cases where reactive microglia play a part in the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying neurodegeneration.
Keywords: essential oils; microglia; neuroinflammation; neurodegenerative disease essential oils; microglia; neuroinflammation; neurodegenerative disease

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MDPI and ACS Style

Stojanović, N.M.; Ranđelović, P.J.; Simonović, M.; Radić, M.; Todorović, S.; Corrigan, M.; Harkin, A.; Boylan, F. Essential Oil Constituents as Anti-Inflammatory and Neuroprotective Agents: An Insight through Microglia Modulation. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 5168. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25105168

AMA Style

Stojanović NM, Ranđelović PJ, Simonović M, Radić M, Todorović S, Corrigan M, Harkin A, Boylan F. Essential Oil Constituents as Anti-Inflammatory and Neuroprotective Agents: An Insight through Microglia Modulation. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(10):5168. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25105168

Chicago/Turabian Style

Stojanović, Nikola M., Pavle J. Ranđelović, Maja Simonović, Milica Radić, Stefan Todorović, Myles Corrigan, Andrew Harkin, and Fabio Boylan. 2024. "Essential Oil Constituents as Anti-Inflammatory and Neuroprotective Agents: An Insight through Microglia Modulation" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 10: 5168. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25105168

APA Style

Stojanović, N. M., Ranđelović, P. J., Simonović, M., Radić, M., Todorović, S., Corrigan, M., Harkin, A., & Boylan, F. (2024). Essential Oil Constituents as Anti-Inflammatory and Neuroprotective Agents: An Insight through Microglia Modulation. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 25(10), 5168. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25105168

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