Concentrations of Selected Adipocytokines in the Blood Plasma in Proximal Suspensory Desmopathy of Horses, with a Focus on Their Physical Activity—A Pilot Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Adipocytokines in Musculoskeletal Diseases
2. Results
2.1. Parameters of Clinical Characteristics
2.2. Ultrasound Examination
2.3. Relationship between the Concentration Levels of the Studied Cytokines and Clinical Characteristic Parameters—Laboratory Studies
2.4. Impact of Desmopathy of the Proximal Suspensory Ligament on Resistin, Wisfatin, Leptin, and IL-8 Concentration in the Blood Plasma
2.5. Impact of the Activity Musculoskeletal System on Resistin, Wisfatin, Leptin, and IL-8 Concentration in the Blood Plasma
2.6. Correlations between Leptin Concentration and Resistin, Visfatin, and IL-8 Concentrations in the Blood Plasma among the Isolated Groups: Study Group (PSD) and Control Group (C)
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Scheme of the Study Group Eligibility Test
4.2. Veterinary Medical History, Clinical and Imaging Studies
4.3. Laboratory Analysis
4.4. Method Used to Assess Adipokine and Interleukin 8 Levels
4.5. Experiment Process
4.6. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Limitations of the Study
- Extended radiological diagnostics using magnetic resonance imaging;
- Supplementing with additional markers including tumour necrosis factor, interleukin-6, and vascular endothelial growth factor.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Term | Definitions of the Characteristic Terms Used |
---|---|
Lameness | A change in the horse’s gait, usually caused by pain or mechanical restriction. |
Chronic condition | Disease symptoms that may occur with PSD, including but not limited to lameness, lasting no less than 21 days. |
Maintenance method | Determines the conditions of the horses’ daily living, i.e., whether they had access to a paddock and the time they were out of the stable. |
Paddocking | This means that the horse has been in the paddock, regardless of its surface area, at least once a day for a minimum of 2 h at least 4 days a week. |
No paddocking | This means that the conditions for keeping the horse did not meet the criteria given for the term “paddocking”; leaving the stable only for training, walking in hand, and/or using the carousel qualified as “no paddocking”. |
Method of use | Defines the conditions of use of the horse by the rider, i.e., regular work under the saddle; used for recreational riding or sporting recreation. |
Training | Daily work under the saddle, lasting a minimum of 40 to 60 min a day, at least 4 times a week, regardless of the riding discipline and the level of training of the horse and rider. |
No training | This means that the conditions of use of the horse by the rider did not meet the criteria given for the term “training”. |
Feature | PSD Group | Control Group | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
n | (%) | n | (%) | |
Gender mare | 7 | 25 | 2 | 22 |
Gelding | 14 | 53 | 7 | 78 |
Stallion | 6 | 22 | - | - |
Age (years) | 13 | 7 | ||
median | (9–20) | (4–18) | ||
Breed—half-bred horse | 25 | 93 | 7 | 78 |
Wielkopolska | 2 | 7 | - | - |
Other | - | - | 2 | 22 |
BCS 2 | 22 | 81 | 5 | 55 |
BCS 3 | 7 | 19 | 4 | 45 |
History | PSD Group n % | Control Group n % | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Lameness | 27 (100%) | 0 | ||
Right front limb | 12 | 44 | - | - |
Left front limb | 11 | 11 | - | - |
Right hind limb | 1 | 4 | - | - |
Left hind limb | 3 | 11 | - | - |
Housing method (all horses) | 36 (100%) | |||
Paddock | 22 | 61 | 6 | 26 |
No paddock | 5 | 14 | 3 | 8 |
Usage method (all horses) | 36 (100%) | |||
Training (working) | 18 | 50 | 6 | 17 |
No training (non-working) | 9 | 25 | 3 | 8 |
Resistin | All Horses | PSD | C | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
r | p | r | p | r | p | |
Age | 0.12 | 0.50 | 0.29 | 0.15 | 0.38 | 0.32 |
RBC | 0.09 | 0.63 | 0.12 | 0.95 | 0.33 | 0.38 |
HGB | 0.12 | 0.52 | 0.15 | 0.47 | 0.37 | 0.33 |
MCH | 0.44 | 0.01 | 0.45 | 0.03 | 0.01 | 0.98 |
MCHC | 0.43 | 0.01 | 0.30 | 0.14 | 0.14 | 0.73 |
MCV | 0.28 | 0.12 | 0.39 | 0.05 | 0.08 | 0.85 |
WBC | 0.36 | 0.03 | 0.49 | 0.01 | 0.37 | 0.33 |
NEU | 0.40 | 0.02 | 0.59 | 0.002 | 0.30 | 0.44 |
LIMF | 0.04 | 0.84 | 0.44 | 0.03 | 0.47 | 0.21 |
NLR | 0.28 | 0.11 | 0.50 | 0.01 | 0.10 | 0.79 |
MLR | 0.21 | 0.23 | 0.41 | 0.04 | 0.03 | 0.93 |
PLT | 0.02 | 0.89 | 0.001 | 0.99 | 0.35 | 0.36 |
Leptin | n | All Horses (ng/mL) | n | PSD Group (ng/mL) | n | C Group (ng/mL) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Resistin | 36 | r | 0.15 | 27 | r | 0.15 | 9 | r | 0.024 |
p | 0.412 | p | 0.412 | p | 0.96 | ||||
Visfatin | 36 | r | 0.63 | 27 | r | 0.63 | 9 | r | 0.47 |
p | 0.001 | p | 0.001 | p | 0.24 | ||||
IL-8 | 36 | r | 0.12 | 27 | r | 0.12 | 9 | r | 0.89 |
p | 0.58 | p | 0.58 | p | 0.003 |
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Nowicka, B.; Torres, A.; Polkowska, I.; Jackow-Nowicka, J.; Przewozny, M.; Jackow-Malinowska, J. Concentrations of Selected Adipocytokines in the Blood Plasma in Proximal Suspensory Desmopathy of Horses, with a Focus on Their Physical Activity—A Pilot Study. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2024, 25, 205. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25010205
Nowicka B, Torres A, Polkowska I, Jackow-Nowicka J, Przewozny M, Jackow-Malinowska J. Concentrations of Selected Adipocytokines in the Blood Plasma in Proximal Suspensory Desmopathy of Horses, with a Focus on Their Physical Activity—A Pilot Study. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2024; 25(1):205. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25010205
Chicago/Turabian StyleNowicka, Beata, Anna Torres, Izabela Polkowska, Jagoda Jackow-Nowicka, Maciej Przewozny, and Joanna Jackow-Malinowska. 2024. "Concentrations of Selected Adipocytokines in the Blood Plasma in Proximal Suspensory Desmopathy of Horses, with a Focus on Their Physical Activity—A Pilot Study" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 25, no. 1: 205. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms25010205