The Role of Supplements and Over-the-Counter Products to Improve Sleep in Children: A Systematic Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
- iron and sleep and infant OR iron and sleep and child OR iron and sleep and adolescent;
- histamine and sleep and infant OR histamine and sleep and child OR histamine and sleep and adolescent OR antihistamine and sleep and infant OR antihistamine and sleep and child OR antihistamine and sleep and adolescent;
- TRP and sleep and infant OR TRP and sleep and child OR TRP and sleep and adolescent;
- theanine and sleep.
3. Results
3.1. Iron
3.1.1. Iron and Sleep
3.1.2. Iron and RLS/PLMD
3.1.3. Iron and Autism Spectrum Disorders
3.1.4. Iron and Psychological Symptoms
3.1.5. Iron in Sleep Disorder in the Angelman Syndrome
3.2. Antihistamines
3.2.1. Antihistamine (Diphenhydramine) and Nighttime Awakenings
3.2.2. Use of Antihistamines as Medications for Children with Sleep Difficulties
3.2.3. Antihistamine (Hydroxyzine) and Bruxism
3.3. Tryptophan
3.3.1. Tryptophan in Diet and Sleep
Study | Design | Objective | Subjects (Age) | Methods | Results |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bruni et al., 2004 [31] | open trial | assess L-5-HTP effects on sleep terrors | 45 children (3–10 years) | EEG and sleep diary | at 6 months follow-up 83.9% of children treated with L-5-HTP were sleep terror-free, while 71.4% of children in the comparison group continued to show sleep terrors |
Aparicio et al., 2007 [29] | double blind controlled trial | effects of day/night differentiated milk formulas on the sleep-wake cycle | 18 infants (12–20 weeks) | TRP-enriched milk. Sleep daily agenda, actigraphy and urine catecholamine and serotonin metabolites | TRP-enriched milk induces an increase in sleep quality and duration, probably due to an increase in serotonin levels |
Harada et al., 2007 [32] | cohort study | evaluate the association between morning TRP intake and circadian typology | 2279 children (0–15 years) | TRP index, M-E questionnaire | significant positive correlation between TRP index and M-E questionnaire in infants and young elementary school students aged 0–8 yrs. Lower TRP indices correlated with difficulty in both falling asleep and in waking up in the morning, and with tendency to anger and depression |
Cubero et al., 2009 [30] | double blind controlled trial | influence of TRP-enriched cereals, adenosine-5′-phosphate, and uridine-5′-phosphate on sleep quality | 30 infants (8–16 months) | actigraphy | TRP-enriched cereals improve sleep quality in terms of sleep onset latency and decrease in the awakenings |
Nakade et al., 2009 [33] | cohort study | correlation between TRP breakfast intake and sunlight exposure on circadian typology | 744 children (0–6 years) | M-E questionnaire | children with nutritionally well-balanced breakfasts tended to be more morning-typed, and woke up and fell asleep at earlier times |
Nakade et al., 2012 [34] | cohort study | evaluate the integrated effects of tryptophan and vitamin B6 intake at breakfast and following sunlight exposure on the circadian typology and sleep habits | 816 children (2–5 years) | TRP index, vitamin B6 index, M-E questionnaire | positive correlation between M-E index and TRP index only in children exposed to sunlight for longer than 10 min after breakfast |
Van zyl et al., 2018 [35] | retrospective | L-TRP as a treatment for non-REM parasomnia | 165 children (3–18 years) | PSG and questionnaires | 84% of children taking L-TRP experienced improvements in their parasomnia vs. 47% of non-treated |
3.3.2. Tryptophan as Sleep Disorder Treatment
3.4. Theanine
3.4.1. Theanine in Children
3.4.2. Theanine in Adults
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Study | Design | Objective | Subjects (Age) | Methods | Results |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Peirano et al., 2007 [10] | retrospective cohort study | association of IDA in infancy with long term alteration of the sleep cycle organization | 55 children (4 years) | PSG | IDA in early infancy is associated with long-term changes in the temporal organization of the sleep stages |
Simakajornboon et al. 2003 [11] | prospective study | assess relationship between serum iron and ferritin levels and PLMS, and response to supplemental iron therapy | 39 children (4–11 years) | PSG, serum iron and ferritin levels | positive correlation between PLMS index and iron levels; 76% of patients improved PLMS index after 3 months of iron supplementation with an increase in ferritin levels |
Dosman et al., 2007 [12] | open label | effect of iron supplementation on sleep and serum ferritin levels in children with ASD | 33 ASD children (1–8 years) | clinical evaluation, serum ferritin levels, SDSC, PLMS scale | restless sleep score showed improved after iron supplementation |
Kordas et al., 2009 [13] | Randomized placebo- controlled trial | effect of iron supplementation on infant’s sleep as reported by the mothers in Nepali and Pemban children | 877 Pembans (8–16 months) 567 Nepalis (6–14 months) | maternal reports | longer sleep duration in iron supplemented infants vs. placebo |
Grim et al., 2013 [14] | retrospective study | efficacy and safety of IV iron sucrose in children with RLS/PLMD | 16 children (2–16 years) | PSG, serum ferritin levels, parent reports | IV iron sucrose can be considered a valid and rather safe alternative to oral iron supplementation |
Tilma et al., 2013 [15] | cohort study | define pediatric RLS symptoms and iron supplementation efficacy | 22 children (0–8 years) | clinical evaluation, serum iron and ferritin levels, PSG | high PLMS index correlated with serum ferritin levels, iron treatment positively correlated with a ferritin-concentration-dependent clinical effect |
Dye et al., 2017 [16] | retrospective study | assessment of long-term effects of iron treatment in pediatric RLS and PLMD | 105 children (5–15 years) | iron, ferritin, and PLMS index at baseline and at 3, 6, 12 and 24 months after iron therapy | improvement in PLMS index and ferritin levels >2 years after iron treatment |
Gurbani et al., 2019 [17] | retrospective study | impact of iron treatment on parasomnias in children with RLS/PLMD | 226 children (3–15 years) | ferritin level and PSG before and after iron treatment | iron therapy correlated with improvement in PLMS index, RLS symptoms and resolution of NREM sleep parasomnias |
Reynolds et al., 2019 [18] | randomized placebo- controlled trial | oral ferrous sulphate as treatment for insomnia in children with ASD and low ferritin levels | 20 children (2–10 years) | serum iron and ferritin levels, actigraphy and Sleep CGI-S at baseline and after 3 months of iron supplementation | amelioration in Sleep CGI-S |
Ryan et al., 2020 [19] | retrospective study | to evaluate the risk of iron deficiency in AS and the efficacy of iron supplementation on correlated sleep disorders | 19 AS children (2–10 years) | sleep history, PSG, serum ferritin levels before and after oral, IV or combined iron supplementation | AS patients with increased prevalence of iron deficiency and sleep disturbances (vs. age-matched controls), treatable with iron supplementation |
DelRosso et al., 2020 [20] | retrospective study | understanding the causative factors in the treatment response variability of PLMD in children | 77 children (2–18 years) | clinical evaluation, PSG, ferritin level | increase in serum ferritin levels in response to oral iron supplementation best predicting factor in evaluating PLMD symptoms alleviation |
DelRosso et al., 2021 [21] | retrospective study | appraise efficacy and safety of IV FCM in RLS and PLMD | 39 patients (5–15 years) | serum iron and ferritin levels and CGI | IV FCM valid and safe alternative in PLMD non-responders to oral iron supplementation |
DelRosso et al., 2021 [21] | retrospective study | compare oral FS and IV FCM efficacy in pediatric RSD | 30 children (5–18 years) | serum ferritin, iron profile, video-PSG at baseline and at 3- month follow-up after treatment with either oral FS or IV FCM | IV FCM with greater beneficial effect on pediatric RSD vs. oral FS supplementation |
Mikami et al., 2021 [22] | prospective study | determine effects of iron supplementation on psychological status of iron deficient children and adolescents, including sleep difficulties | 19 children (6–15 years) | PSQI, CGI-S, POMS and CES-d | after iron treatment, contextually to increase in serum ferritin, significant improvement in PSQI, CGI-S, CES-d scores and in POMS subscales at week 12 |
Al-shawwa et al., 2022 [23] | case report | effectiveness of iron infusion therapy in an RLS patient with related sleep disturbances | 2-year-old child | IV iron supplementation | complete resolution of RLS and sleep-related disorder |
Study | Design | Objective | Subjects (Age) | Methods | Results |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Merenstein et al., 2006 [26] | double-blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial | to evaluate the efficacy of diphenhydramine hydrochloride therapy in children with frequent nocturnal awakenings | 44 infants (6 to 15 months) | parental reports | diphenhydramine no more effective than placebo |
Ghanizadeh et al., 2013 [27] | randomized placebo- controlled | to investigate the efficacy of hydroxyzine on sleep bruxism in children vs. placebo | 30 children (4–12 years) | VAS and CGI-S at baseline and 4-week post treatment | significant reduction in bruxism severity with hydroxyzine treatment, with respect to placebo |
Wesselhoeft et al., 2021 [28] | descriptive study | to investigate the use of melatonin, z-drugs and sedating antihistamines among Scandinavian children and young adults | all Scandinavian children (5–24 years) | public databases from Sweden, Norway, and Denmark | annual prevalence of sedating antihistamine use was highest in Sweden, 13/1000 in 2018; 7.5/1000 in Norway and 2.5/1000 in Denmark. Melatonin the most commonly used hypnotic. |
Study | Design | Objective | Subjects (Age) | Methods | Results |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lyon et al., 2011 [36] | randomized, double-blind | L-theanine efficacy on sleep quality of ADHD children | 98 children (8–12 years) | actigraphy and PSQI | L-theanine increased sleep time and efficiency in ADHD patients |
Unno et al., 2017 [37] | double-blind crossover | low caffeine green tea effect on sleep quality and stress levels of middle-aged individuals | 20 adults (44–57 years) | EEG, salivary α-amylase activity | low caffeine green tea reduced stress and improved sleep quality |
Unno et al., 2017 [38] | open trial | low caffeine green tea effect on sleep quality in the elderly | 10 elderly (85–93 years) | EEG, salivary α-amylase activity | low caffeine green tea improved sleep quality |
Hidese et al., 2019 [39] | randomized control trial | effects of L-theanine on stress-related symptoms and cognitive functions in healthy adults | 30 adults (36–50 years) | self-rating depression scale, state-trait anxiety inventory-trait, PSQI | significant improvement in sleep onset latency, sleep disturbances and use of sleep medication |
Halson et al., 2020 [40] | randomized control trial | validate nutritional intervention on sleep quality | 18 adult males (20- 33 years) | PSG, cognitive tests, postural sway, subjective sleep quality questionnaire | nutritional interventions can induce a significant improvement in sleep onset latency |
Ross et al., 2020 [41] | case report | nutrients efficacy on mood disorders and sleep disturbances | 26-year-old female | self-report | nutritional supplements can ameliorate mood disorders and sleep efficiency |
Noah et al., 2022 [42] | randomized control trial | effect of Mg-Teadiola on stress | 100 adults (18–65 years) | PSQI | better scores at PSQI on day 56 |
Langan-Evans et al., 2022 [43] | randomized, double- blind, cross-over trial | effects of a nutritional blend, including L-theanine, on sleep quality | 16 adults (21–27 years) | actigraphy, PSQI, consensus sleep diary, KSS | the nutritional blend increased total sleep duration and sleep efficiency |
Thiagarajah et al., 2022 [44] | randomized, double- blind, cross-over trial | evaluate effects of alpha-s1-casein tryptic hydrolysate and L-theanine on sleep quality | 39 adults | PSQI, heart rate, blood pressure, salivary cortisol, EEG | improvement in PSQI total score, sleep latency, sleep duration, sleep habitual efficiency, daytime dysfunction, and increased total and frontal alpha power significantly |
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Innocenti, A.; Lentini, G.; Rapacchietta, S.; Cinnirella, P.; Elia, M.; Ferri, R.; Bruni, O. The Role of Supplements and Over-the-Counter Products to Improve Sleep in Children: A Systematic Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 7821. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24097821
Innocenti A, Lentini G, Rapacchietta S, Cinnirella P, Elia M, Ferri R, Bruni O. The Role of Supplements and Over-the-Counter Products to Improve Sleep in Children: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(9):7821. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24097821
Chicago/Turabian StyleInnocenti, Alice, Giuliana Lentini, Serena Rapacchietta, Paola Cinnirella, Maurizio Elia, Raffaele Ferri, and Oliviero Bruni. 2023. "The Role of Supplements and Over-the-Counter Products to Improve Sleep in Children: A Systematic Review" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 9: 7821. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24097821
APA StyleInnocenti, A., Lentini, G., Rapacchietta, S., Cinnirella, P., Elia, M., Ferri, R., & Bruni, O. (2023). The Role of Supplements and Over-the-Counter Products to Improve Sleep in Children: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(9), 7821. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24097821