Prunus Knotted-like Genes: Genome-Wide Analysis, Transcriptional Response to Cytokinin in Micropropagation, and Rootstock Transformation
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. Genome-Wide Characterization of KNOX from Prunus Diploid Fruit Trees
2.1.1. Protein Features
2.1.2. Genomic Features
2.1.3. Transcriptomic Features
2.2. PRUKNOX Responses to Cytokinin in GF677 Rootstock Microcuttings
2.2.1. Pheno-Histological Features
2.2.2. PRUNOX Expression Patterns
2.2.3. Gene Coexpression Analysis
2.3. KNOPE1 Overexpression in Gisela 6 Rootstock
3. Discussion
3.1. PRUNOX
3.2. PRUNOXI and -II Transcription Response to BA in Micropropagation
3.3. Transformation of Gisela 6 and KNOPE1 Phenotypes
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Bioinformatic Surveys
4.2. Cytokinin Assays
4.2.1. Micropropagation, Treatments, Sampling, and Histological Analyses
4.2.2. Morpho-Histological Analyses
4.2.3. Gene Expression Analyses
4.3. Gene Transfer into Gisela 6
4.3.1. Plant Materials and In Vitro Culture
4.3.2. Shoot Regeneration
4.3.3. Genetic Constructs and Transformation
4.3.4. Transgene Analyses
4.4. Statistical Analyses
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Genus | Prunus | Arabidopsis | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Subgenus | Prunus | Cerasus | - | ||||||||
Section | Persicae | Armeniaca | Amygdalus | Prunus | - | - | |||||
Species 2: | P. dav | P. ferg | P. kan | P. mir | P. per | P. arm | P. mum | P. dul | P. sal | P. avi | A. thaliana |
Size (Mb): | 237 | 237 | 238 | 243 | 265 | 240 | 280 | 240 | 308 | 338 | 135 |
Class I | |||||||||||
STM-like | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 |
KNAT1-like | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
KNAT2/6-like | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 |
extra group | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 |
subtotal | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 4 |
Class II | |||||||||||
KNAT3/4/5-like | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 3 | 3 |
KNAT7-like | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 |
subtotal | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 3 | 4 | 4 |
Class M | |||||||||||
KNATM-like | 0 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 0 | 1 | 1 |
KNATM2-like | 2 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 1 | 2 | 1 | 0 |
subtotal | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 2 | 1 |
Total KNOX | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 11 | 12 | 9 |
BA (µM) | Stem Height (cm) | Leaves on Main Axis | Lateral Shoots |
---|---|---|---|
0.0 | 0.9 ± 0.2 | 12.8 ± 1.5 b | 0.0 ± 0.0 c |
1.7 | 1.2 ± 0.3 | 17.2 ± 3.4 a | 2.3 ± 0.1 b |
5.1 | 1.1 ± 0.2 | 20.3 ± 2.8 a | 2.9 ± 0.2 a |
Significance | n.s. | *** | ** |
Group | Gene | Dose | Time | DxT |
---|---|---|---|---|
Stress-responsive | PpCAT1 | ** | n.s. | n.s. |
PpCAT2 | *** | n.s. | * | |
CK-responsive | PpCKX6 | *** | *** | n.s. |
PpARR12 | n.s. | n.s. | *** | |
PpHK1 | n.s. | n.s. | *** | |
Class I KNOX | STMlike1 | n.s. | ** | n.s. |
STMlike2 | *** | *** | *** | |
KNOPE1 | *** | *** | *** | |
KNOPE2 | n.s. | ** | * | |
KNOPE2.1 | ** | *** | * | |
KNOPE6 | n.s. | n.s. | * | |
Class II KNOX | KNOPE3 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. |
KNOPE4 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | |
KNOPE7 | n.s. | *** | n.s. | |
BELL | PpBEL1 | ** | ** | *** |
PpBLH1 | ** | n.s. | * | |
PpBLH2 | n.s. | ** | ** | |
PpBLH3 | n.s. | n.s. | n.s. | |
PpBLH5 | ** | *** | ** | |
PpBLH6 | ** | ** | n.s. | |
PpBLH8 | n.s. | *** | n.s. |
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Testone, G.; Caboni, E.; D’Angeli, S.; Altamura, M.M.; Giannino, D. Prunus Knotted-like Genes: Genome-Wide Analysis, Transcriptional Response to Cytokinin in Micropropagation, and Rootstock Transformation. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 3046. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24033046
Testone G, Caboni E, D’Angeli S, Altamura MM, Giannino D. Prunus Knotted-like Genes: Genome-Wide Analysis, Transcriptional Response to Cytokinin in Micropropagation, and Rootstock Transformation. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(3):3046. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24033046
Chicago/Turabian StyleTestone, Giulio, Emilia Caboni, Simone D’Angeli, Maria Maddalena Altamura, and Donato Giannino. 2023. "Prunus Knotted-like Genes: Genome-Wide Analysis, Transcriptional Response to Cytokinin in Micropropagation, and Rootstock Transformation" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 3: 3046. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24033046