Polysaccharides from Holothuria leucospilota Relieve Loperamide-Induced Constipation Symptoms in Mice
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results and Discussion
2.1. Effects of HLP on the Parameters Related to Defecation in Constipated Mice
2.2. Effects of HLP on the Morphology of Colon Tissue in Constipated Mice
2.3. Effects of HLP on Regulatory Peptides Related to the Gastrointestinal Tract in Constipation Mice
2.4. Effects of HLP on the Intestinal Metabolites of Constipated Mice
2.5. Effects of HLP on the Expression of Water Metabolism and Motility of Intestinal Tract-Related Genes and Proteins in Constipated Mice
2.6. Effects of HLP on the Diversity and Community Structure of Gut Microbiota in Constipated Mice
3. Materials and Methods
3.1. Material and Reagents
3.2. Extraction and Purification of HLP
3.3. Animals and Experimental Design
3.4. Analyses of Constipation-Related Parameters
3.5. Histopathology and Immunohistochemistry
3.6. Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA)
3.7. RNA Extraction and Real-Time qPCR (RT-qPCR)
3.8. Quantitative Assay of Short-Chain Fatty Acids (SCFAs)
3.9. Analysis of Microbial Diversity
3.10. Statistical Analysis
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Category | Group | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NC | MC | PC | HLP-L | HLP-M | HLP-H | |
AQP3 | 1.20 ± 0.35 | 0.35 ± 0.13 # | 3.19 ± 0.95 ** | 0.85 ± 0.33 | 1.15 ± 0.38 * | 0.54 ± 0.26 |
AQP4 | 1.19 ± 0.36 | 0.32 ± 0.15 # | 1.62 ± 0.80 * | 0.75 ± 0.11 * | 1.38 ± 1.06 | 1.12 ± 0.69 |
AQP9 | 0.44 ± 0.00 | 0.16 ± 0.09 # | 1.40 ± 0.42 * | 0.69 ± 0.11 * | 0.57 ± 0.11 * | 0.43 ± 0.00 * |
SCF | 1.03 ± 0.14 | 0.89 ± 0.05 # | 2.32 ± 1.55 * | 0.92 ± 0.40 * | 4.14 ± 0.58 | 2.06 ± 0.20 |
c-Kit | 1.02 ± 0.50 | 0.25 ± 0.05 # | 1.36 ± 0.40 * | 1.03 ± 0.10 | 1.12 ± 0.07 *** | 1.40 ± 0.38 * |
Gene Primer | Primer Sequence |
---|---|
AQP3 | Forward 5′-GCTGTCACCCTTGGCATCTTGG-3′ Reverse 5′-AGGAAGCACATTGCGAAGGTCAC-3′ |
AQP4 | Forward 5′-CAGCATCGCTAAGTCCGTCTTCTAC-3′ Reverse 5′-ACCGTGGTGACTCCCAATCCTC-3′ |
AQP9 | Forward 5′-GCTGTCCTGGGAGGTCTCATCTATG-3′ Reverse 5′-GCTGGTTCTGCCTTCACTTCTGG-3′ |
SCF | Forward 5′-TGCGGGAATCCTGTGACTGATAATG-3′ Reverse 5′-CCGGCGACATAGTTGAGGGTTATC-3′ |
c-Kit | Forward 5′-GATCTGCTCTGCGTCCTGTTGG-3′ Reverse 5′-AACTCTGATTGTGCTGGATGGATGG-3′ |
GADPH | Forward 5′-GGTTGTCTCCTGCGACTTCA-3′ Reverse 5′-TGGTCCAGGGTTTCTTACTCC-3′ |
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Wang, Z.; Shi, Y.; Zeng, S.; Zheng, Y.; Wang, H.; Liao, H.; Song, J.; Zhang, X.; Cao, J.; Li, C. Polysaccharides from Holothuria leucospilota Relieve Loperamide-Induced Constipation Symptoms in Mice. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 2553. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24032553
Wang Z, Shi Y, Zeng S, Zheng Y, Wang H, Liao H, Song J, Zhang X, Cao J, Li C. Polysaccharides from Holothuria leucospilota Relieve Loperamide-Induced Constipation Symptoms in Mice. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(3):2553. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24032553
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Ziqi, Yali Shi, Shiyu Zeng, Yuanping Zheng, Huaijie Wang, Haihui Liao, Jie Song, Xinyue Zhang, Jun Cao, and Chuan Li. 2023. "Polysaccharides from Holothuria leucospilota Relieve Loperamide-Induced Constipation Symptoms in Mice" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 3: 2553. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24032553