Associations between Inflammation, Hemoglobin Levels, and Coronary Artery Disease in Non-Albuminuric Subjects with and without Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
3. Discussion
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Study Design and Population
4.2. Coronary Angiography
4.3. Clinical and Biochemical Variables
4.4. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Non-T2DM | T2DM | p | All Subjects | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Characteristics | ||||
N | 384 | 254 | 638 | |
Age (years) | 66 (56–75) | 65.5 (58–73) | 0.99 | 65.2 ± 11.3 |
Sex (% male) | 276 (71.9) | 170 (66.9) | 0.15 | 446 (69.9) |
BMI (kg/m2) | 24.8 ± 3.1 | 27.2 ± 5.2 | 0.1 | 26.5 ± 5.1 |
SBP (mm Hg) | 124 ± 12.1 | 129 ± 10.1 | 0.21 | 126 ± 10.1 |
DBP (mm Hg) | 74.6 ± 7.2 | 75.7 ± 8.6 | 0.17 | 74.9 ± 7.2 |
Comorbidities | ||||
Anemia (%) | 65 (16.9) | 58 (22.7) | 0.08 | 123 (19.3) |
Significant CAD (%) | 178 (46.6) | 117 (45.9) | 0.11 | 305 (47.8) |
Obesity (%) | 57 (14.8) | 46 (18.1) | 0.11 | 83 (13) |
Hypertension (%) | 107 (27.9) | 73 (28.6) | 0.48 | 180 (28.2) |
Former smokers (%) | 83 (21.6) | 53 (20.1) | 0.24 | 114 (21.3) |
Current smokers (%) | 118 (30.7) | 59 (23.4) | 0.14 | 177 (27.7) |
Dyslipidemia (%) | 178 (46.4) | 107 (42.2) | 0.22 | 285 (44.7) |
Laboratory data | ||||
SSI (%) | 32 (16.3–51.4) | 34.4 (16.1–55) | 0.64 | 32.4 (16.3–53.8) |
Hb (g/dL) | 14 (13.1–15) | 13.8 (12.4–14.9) | 0.039 | 13.9 (12.9–15) |
T-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 173.3 (149–200) | 168 (139.8–189) | 0.04 | 173.3 (145–197.3) |
HDL-C (mg/dL) | 41 (33–46.8) | 37 (30–43.3) | 0.02 | 39 (32–46) |
LDL-C (mg/dL) | 100.9 (83–125) | 95 (75–114.3) | <0.01 | 100.9 (80–122) |
TG (mg/dL) | 140 (102–167) | 140 (111.8–198.5) | 0.17 | 140 (105.5–173.5) |
FG (mg/dL) | 98 (89–112.8) | 148 (133–183.3) | <0.001 | 119.7 ± 47 |
Hb1ac (%) | 5.6 ± 0.97 | 7.8 ± 0.89 | <0.001 | 6.37 ± 1.62 |
TyG index | 4.77 (4.63–4.93) | 4.93 (4.76–5.17) | <0.001 | 4.82 (4.65–4.99) |
eGFR (mL/min/1.73 m2) | 99.1 ± 7.1 | 96.3 ± 9.2 | 0.11 | 97.3 ± 6.2 |
Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.91 (0.75–1.04) | 0.87 (0.71–1.03) | 0.13 | 0.9 (0.74–1.04) |
ACR (mg/g) | 6.4 (3.6–14.6) | 8.37 (4.1–16) | 0.08 | 6.9 (3.6–15) |
Uric acid (mg/dL) | 5.8 (4.7–6.7) | 5.4 (4.5–6.4) | 0.23 | 5.7 (4.6–6.7) |
Leukocytes | 8 (6.6–9.4) | 7.8 (6.5–9.5) | 0.97 | 7.9 (6.5–9.4) |
Monocytes | 5.9 (0.7–8.8) | 5.5 (0.7–8.4) | 0.35 | 5.8 (0.7–8.8) |
Lymphocytes | 15.6 (2.1–26.3) | 13.7 (2.1–26.8) | 0.88 | 14.7 (2.1–26.3) |
Neutrophyles | 49 (5.1–63) | 44.1 (4.9–64.4) | 0.92 | 48.3 (5–63.2) |
NLR (/mL) | 2.46 (1.75–3.36) | 2.29 (1.74–3.41) | 0.85 | 2.42 (1.74–3.27) |
hs-CRP (mg/L) | 3.5 (2–6.8) | 3.8 (2–6.72) | 0.77 | 3.6 (2–6.8) |
TNFα (pg/mL) | 1.99 (1.38–2.67) | 2.2 (1.59–2.99) | <0.01 | 2.05 (1.45–2.78) |
IL6 (pg/mL) | 6.55 (3.5–11.5) | 6.5 (3.5–12.9) | 0.43 | 6.54 (3.55–11.93) |
Medication | ||||
Statin (%) | 91 (23.7) | 116 (45.7) | 0.03 | 207 (32.5) |
ACEI/ARB (%) | 78 (20.3) | 81 (31.9) | 0.12 | 159 (24.9) |
Non-T2DM (n = 384) | T2DM (n = 254) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
r | p | r | p | |
ACR (mg/g) | −0.103 | 0.043 | −0.224 | 0.005 |
FG (mg/dL) | −0.036 | 0.48 | −0.199 | 0.013 |
hs-CRP (mg/L) | −0.004 | 0.943 | −0.167 | 0.038 |
TNFα (pg/mL) | −0.13 | 0.8 | −0.01 | 0.98 |
IL6 (pg/mL) | −0.078 | 0.13 | −0.069 | 0.39 |
NLR | −0.041 | 0.426 | −0.181 | 0.25 |
SSI | −0.03 | 0.948 | −0.19 | 0.018 |
Obs LCA (%) | 0.009 | 0.863 | −0.055 | 0.5 |
Obs RCA (%) | −0.331 | 0.551 | −0.167 | 0.039 |
Obs LAD (%) | 0.017 | 0.734 | −0.175 | 0.036 |
Obs CA (%) | 0.06 | 0.913 | −0.014 | 0.861 |
Non-CAD | CAD | p | |
---|---|---|---|
Characteristics | |||
N | 137 | 117 | |
Age (years) | 61 (54–73) | 66 (59–74) | 0.22 |
Sex (% male) | 90 (65.7) | 80 (68.4) | 0.39 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 26.8 ± 2.2 | 27.3 ± 2.9 | 0.13 |
SBP (mm Hg) | 129 ± 10.1 | 131 ± 11.1 | 0.04 |
DBP (mm Hg) | 75.3 ± 7.7 | 75.9 ± 9.1 | 0.47 |
Comorbidities | |||
Anemia (%) | 18 (13.1) | 40 (34.2) | 0.03 |
Obesity (%) | 24 (17.5) | 22 (18.8) | 0.74 |
Hypertension (%) | 33 (24.1) | 40 (34.2) | 0.51 |
Former smokers (%) | 25 (18.3) | 28 (23.9) | 0.62 |
Current smokers (%) | 32 (23.4) | 27 (23.1) | 0.47 |
Dyslipidemia (%) | 51 (37.2) | 56 (47.9) | 0.69 |
Laboratory data | |||
Hb (g/dL) | 14.4 (13.6–15.1) | 13.6 (12.2–14.8) | 0.03 |
T-cholesterol (mg/dL) | 162 (136–192) | 168 (140–188) | 0.96 |
HDL-C (mg/dL) | 33 (25–41.7) | 37 (31–44) | 0.17 |
LDL-C (mg/dL) | 96 (82–120) | 94 (74–111) | 0.44 |
TG (mg/dL) | 129 (107–198) | 141 (112–200) | 0.63 |
FG (mg/dL) | 135 (127–165) | 153 (134–188) | 0.09 |
Hb1ac (%) | 7.42 ± 0.2 | 7.58 ± 0.21 | 0.11 |
TyG index | 5 (4.74–5.34) | 4.93 (4.77.5.14) | 0.36 |
eGFR (ml/min/1.73 m2) | 99.8 ± 10.3 | 96.9 ± 9.3 | 0.16 |
Creatinine (mg/dL) | 0.9 (0.79–1.05) | 0.86 (0.71–1.02) | 0.28 |
ACR (mg/g) | 4.73 (3.25–12.6) | 9 (4.4–18.8) | 0.04 |
Uric acid (mg/dL) | 5.54 (4.46–6.79) | 5.42 (4.51–6.23) | 0.84 |
Leukocytes | 7.7 (6.4–9.3) | 7.8 (6.5–9.6) | 0.98 |
Monocytes | 7.8 (0.8–9) | 7.2 (0.6–8.4) | 0.04 |
Lymphocytes | 18.8 (2.9–27.2) | 3.3 (2–25.9) | 0.11 |
Neutrophyles | 52.9 (6.8–67.1) | 49.3 (4.7–62.1) | 0.44 |
NLR | 2.51 (1.75–3.68) | 2.19 (1.74–3.38) | 0.46 |
hs-CRP (mg/L) | 3.14 (1.3–6.1) | 4.6 (2.1–6.8) | 0.02 |
TNFα (pg/mL) | 2 (1.59–2.78) | 2.22 (1.59–3.1) | 0.19 |
IL6 (pg/mL) | 5.43 (3–8.89) | 7.47 (3.51–14) | 0.21 |
Medication | |||
Statin (%) | 61 (44.5) | 55 (47.2) | 0.24 |
ACEI/ARB (%) | 37 (27) | 44 (37.4) | 0.31 |
Stenosis Severity Index | Adjusted R2 | ß | SE | t | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Non-T2DM subjects | 0.038 | <0.001 | |||
ACR (mg/g) | 0.447 | 0.138 | 3.234 | 0.001 | |
IL6 (pg/mL) | 0.094 | 0.052 | 1.815 | 0.03 | |
TNFα (pg/mL) | 0.349 | 0.205 | 1.702 | 0.04 | |
T2DM subjects | 0.081 | <0.001 | |||
Hb (g/dL) | −1.705 | 0.939 | −1.816 | 0.01 | |
ACR (mg/g) | 0.695 | 0.215 | 3.238 | 0.001 |
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Donate-Correa, J.; Martín-Núñez, E.; Mora-Fernández, C.; González-Luis, A.; Martín-Olivera, A.; Navarro-González, J.F. Associations between Inflammation, Hemoglobin Levels, and Coronary Artery Disease in Non-Albuminuric Subjects with and without Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 14131. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241814131
Donate-Correa J, Martín-Núñez E, Mora-Fernández C, González-Luis A, Martín-Olivera A, Navarro-González JF. Associations between Inflammation, Hemoglobin Levels, and Coronary Artery Disease in Non-Albuminuric Subjects with and without Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(18):14131. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241814131
Chicago/Turabian StyleDonate-Correa, Javier, Ernesto Martín-Núñez, Carmen Mora-Fernández, Ainhoa González-Luis, Alberto Martín-Olivera, and Juan F. Navarro-González. 2023. "Associations between Inflammation, Hemoglobin Levels, and Coronary Artery Disease in Non-Albuminuric Subjects with and without Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 18: 14131. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241814131