How Do Microorganisms Influence the Development of Endometriosis? Participation of Genital, Intestinal and Oral Microbiota in Metabolic Regulation and Immunopathogenesis of Endometriosis
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. The Importance of Disorders of Immune Homeostasis in the Pathogenesis of Endometriosis
2.1. The Role of Immune Cells in the Development of Endometriosis
2.1.1. Macrophages
2.1.2. Neutrophils
2.1.3. Natural Killer Cells
2.1.4. T Cells
2.1.5. Tight Junctions
2.1.6. Damage-Associated Molecular Patterns (DAMPs) and Pathogen-Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs)
2.1.7. Toll-Like Receptors (TLRs)
2.1.8. Lipopolysaccharide
2.2. The Importance of Inflammatory Mediators in Body Fluids (Peripheral Blood, Peritoneal Fluid, Urine) in the Development of Endometriosis
2.2.1. Anti-Inflammatory Cytokines
2.2.2. Pro-Inflammatory Cytokines
2.2.3. Urinary Markers of Inflammation and Endometriosis
3. Influence of Microbiota Dysbiosis of the Reproductive Tract, Intestines and Oral Cavity on the Pathogenesis of Endometriosis
3.1. The Microbiota of the Genital Tract and Endometriosis
3.2. Gut Microbiota and Endometriosis
4. Metabolic Regulation of Estrogen Metabolism and Microbiota
5. Future Directions—The Role of Probiotics and Prebiotics in Endometriosis
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Gene | Name of Protein | Protein ID | Amino Acids | Mass (kDa) | Function | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
ENG | Endoglin | P17813 | 658 | 70.578 |
| [98,99,100,101] |
LUM | Lumican | P51884 | 338 | 38.429 |
| [102,103] |
TGFB2 | Transforming Growth Factor Beta Receptor 2 | P37173 | 567 | 64.568 |
| [88,104] |
TSPAN1 | Tetraspanin-1 | O60635 | 241 | 26.301 |
| [105,106] |
CD44 | CD44 Antigen | P16070 | 742 | 81.538 |
| [107,108,109] |
TNC | Tenascin | P24821 | 2201 | 240.853 |
| [110,111] |
CatG | Cathepsin G | P08311 | 255 | 28.837 |
| [112,113,114] |
DSP | Desmoplakin | P15924 | 2871 | 331.774 |
| [115,116] |
THBS1 | Thrombospondin 1 | A8MZG1 | 94 | 10.053 |
| [117,118,119] |
PCDH1 | Protocadherin-1 | Q08174 | 1060 | 114.743 |
| [120,121] |
SPARCL1 | SPARC-like Protein 1 | Q14515 | 664 | 75.208 |
| [122,123] |
AZGP1 | Zinc-alpha-2-glycoprotein | P25311 | 298 | 34.259 |
| [124,125,126,127] |
ANXA2 | Annexin A2 | P07355 | 339 | 38.604 |
| [96,128] |
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Sobstyl, A.; Chałupnik, A.; Mertowska, P.; Grywalska, E. How Do Microorganisms Influence the Development of Endometriosis? Participation of Genital, Intestinal and Oral Microbiota in Metabolic Regulation and Immunopathogenesis of Endometriosis. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2023, 24, 10920. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241310920
Sobstyl A, Chałupnik A, Mertowska P, Grywalska E. How Do Microorganisms Influence the Development of Endometriosis? Participation of Genital, Intestinal and Oral Microbiota in Metabolic Regulation and Immunopathogenesis of Endometriosis. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2023; 24(13):10920. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241310920
Chicago/Turabian StyleSobstyl, Anna, Aleksandra Chałupnik, Paulina Mertowska, and Ewelina Grywalska. 2023. "How Do Microorganisms Influence the Development of Endometriosis? Participation of Genital, Intestinal and Oral Microbiota in Metabolic Regulation and Immunopathogenesis of Endometriosis" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 24, no. 13: 10920. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241310920
APA StyleSobstyl, A., Chałupnik, A., Mertowska, P., & Grywalska, E. (2023). How Do Microorganisms Influence the Development of Endometriosis? Participation of Genital, Intestinal and Oral Microbiota in Metabolic Regulation and Immunopathogenesis of Endometriosis. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 24(13), 10920. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms241310920