Impact of Vitamin D in Prophylaxis and Treatment in Tuberculosis Patients
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Metabolism of Vitamin D
3. Vitamin D Deficiency
4. Vitamin D and Tuberculosis
4.1. Innate Immunity
4.2. Acquired Immunity
4.3. Anti-Inflammatory Activity
5. Polymorphisms in VDR
6. The Role of Vitamin D in Prevention of Tuberculosis
7. The Role of Vitamin D in Treatment of Tuberculosis
8. Synergism with Vitamin A in Prevention and Treatment of TB
9. Side Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation
10. Future Perspectives
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Serum Value of 25(OH)D (ng/mL) | |
---|---|
30–100 | Sufficiency |
20–30 | Insufficiency |
<20 | Deficiency |
Pro-Inflammatory/Antimicrobial Actions of Vit. D | Anti-Inflammatory Actions of Vit. D |
---|---|
Induces destruction of the bacterial cell by activating the cathelicidin/LL-37 system in infected macrophages | Induces the expansion of T-reg lymphocytes, which in turn limit the activity of Th1 |
Induces autophagy in infected macrophages | Attenuates M. tuberculosis-induced expression of MMP |
Inhibits the growth of MT in infected macrophages through the production of nitrogen and oxygen reactants | Stabilization of the endothelium and of the barrier function in the presence of inflammatory mediators |
Stimulates production of INF-γ by Th1 lymphocytes, which enhances antibacterial activity of macrophages | Reduction of pro-inflammatory cytokines and increase of anti-inflammatory ones, without reducing the antimycobacterial activity |
Enhances the antibody-mediated response by Th2 lymphocytes via the secretion of IL4 and IL5 |
Polymorphism in VDR Gene | Allele’s Possible Combination | Effects |
---|---|---|
TaqI | TT | Higher cell turnover, reduction in TIMPs |
Tt | Increase in culture conversion, quick negativization of sputum | |
tt | Reduction of active TB | |
Bsml | BB | Transcript stability |
Bb | - | |
bb | Significant association with active TB | |
Fokl | FF | Increase in transcription, quick negativization of sputum |
Ff | - | |
ff | Extended form of pulmonary TB |
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Papagni, R.; Pellegrino, C.; Di Gennaro, F.; Patti, G.; Ricciardi, A.; Novara, R.; Cotugno, S.; Musso, M.; Guido, G.; Ronga, L.; et al. Impact of Vitamin D in Prophylaxis and Treatment in Tuberculosis Patients. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 3860. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23073860
Papagni R, Pellegrino C, Di Gennaro F, Patti G, Ricciardi A, Novara R, Cotugno S, Musso M, Guido G, Ronga L, et al. Impact of Vitamin D in Prophylaxis and Treatment in Tuberculosis Patients. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(7):3860. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23073860
Chicago/Turabian StylePapagni, Roberta, Carmen Pellegrino, Francesco Di Gennaro, Giulia Patti, Aurelia Ricciardi, Roberta Novara, Sergio Cotugno, Maria Musso, Giacomo Guido, Luigi Ronga, and et al. 2022. "Impact of Vitamin D in Prophylaxis and Treatment in Tuberculosis Patients" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 7: 3860. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23073860