An Experimental Model of Neuro–Immune Interactions in the Eye: Corneal Sensory Nerves and Resident Dendritic Cells
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. The Cornea
2.1. Corneal Structure
2.1.1. Epithelium
2.1.2. Bowman’s Layer
2.1.3. Stroma
2.1.4. Descemet’s Membrane
2.1.5. Endothelium
2.2. Corneal Innervation
2.2.1. Corneal Nerve Architecture
Stromal Nerves
Subbasal Nerve Plexus
Intraepithelial Nerve Terminals
2.2.2. Functional Types of Corneal Nerves
Mechanonociceptors
Polymodal Nociceptors
Cold Thermoreceptors
2.2.3. Changes of Nerve Activity under Inflammation and after Injury
2.3. The Cornea: An Immune-Privileged Tissue
3. Dendritic Cells
3.1. An Overview of Dendritic Cells
3.2. Dendritic Cell Subpopulations
3.2.1. Conventional DCs (cDCs)
cDC1
cDC2
3.2.2. Plasmacytoid DCs (pDCs)
3.2.3. Langerhans Cells (LCs)
3.2.4. Monocyte-Derived DCs (MCs)
3.3. Resident Dendritic Cell Distribution in the Cornea
3.4. Dendritic Cells in Ocular Diseases
3.4.1. Humans
3.4.2. Mice
4. Transgenic Mice to Study Neuro–Immune Interactions in the Cornea
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Disease | Species | Corneal Changes | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Long COVID | Human | Reduced corneal nerve density and increased DC density | [181] |
Infectious keratitis (fungal, bacterial, or Acanthamoeba) | Human | Reduced corneal nerve density and increased DC density | [182] |
Herpetic uveitis | Human | Increased DC density | [184] |
Aqueous-deficient dry eye disease (DED) | Human | Increased DC density | [185] |
Sjögren’s syndrome (SS) | Human | Increased DC density | [186] |
Contact lens wearing | Human | Increased DC density | [187] |
Rheumatoid arthritis | Human | Decreased DC density | [189] |
Herpes simplex virus (HSV) keratitis | Mouse | Increased DC density | [190] |
Ocular allergy | Mouse | DC lead to allergic T cell responses | [191] |
Diabetic sensory neuropathy | Mouse | Reduced corneal nerve and DC density | [192] |
Dry eye disease (DED) | Mouse | More activated DCs in lymph nodes | [193] |
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Frutos-Rincón, L.; Gómez-Sánchez, J.A.; Íñigo-Portugués, A.; Acosta, M.C.; Gallar, J. An Experimental Model of Neuro–Immune Interactions in the Eye: Corneal Sensory Nerves and Resident Dendritic Cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 2997. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23062997
Frutos-Rincón L, Gómez-Sánchez JA, Íñigo-Portugués A, Acosta MC, Gallar J. An Experimental Model of Neuro–Immune Interactions in the Eye: Corneal Sensory Nerves and Resident Dendritic Cells. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(6):2997. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23062997
Chicago/Turabian StyleFrutos-Rincón, Laura, José Antonio Gómez-Sánchez, Almudena Íñigo-Portugués, M. Carmen Acosta, and Juana Gallar. 2022. "An Experimental Model of Neuro–Immune Interactions in the Eye: Corneal Sensory Nerves and Resident Dendritic Cells" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 6: 2997. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23062997