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Volume 23
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Article

Exclusively Breastfed Infant Microbiota Develops over Time and Is Associated with Human Milk Oligosaccharide Intakes

by
Ali Sadiq Cheema
1,
Michelle Louise Trevenen
2,
Berwin Ashoka Turlach
2,
Annalee June Furst
3,4,
Ana Sophia Roman
3,4,
Lars Bode
3,4,
Zoya Gridneva
1,
Ching Tat Lai
1,
Lisa Faye Stinson
1,
Matthew Scott Payne
5,6 and
Donna Tracy Geddes
1,*
1
School of Molecular Sciences, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
2
Centre for Applied Statistics, The University of Western Australia, Crawley, WA 6009, Australia
3
Larsson-Rosenquist Foundation Mother-Milk-Infant Center of Research Excellence, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
4
Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
5
Division of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, School of Medicine, The University of Western Australia, Subiaco, WA 6008, Australia
6
Women and Infants Research Foundation, Subiaco, WA 6008, Australia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(5), 2804; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23052804
Submission received: 2 February 2022 / Revised: 22 February 2022 / Accepted: 28 February 2022 / Published: 3 March 2022
(This article belongs to the Section Molecular Biology)
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Abstract

Temporal development of maternal and infant microbiomes during early life impacts short- and long-term infant health. This study aimed to characterize bacterial dynamics within maternal faecal, human milk (HM), infant oral, and infant faecal samples during the exclusive breastfeeding period and to document associations between human milk oligosaccharide (HMO) intakes and infant oral and faecal bacterial profiles. Maternal and infant samples (n = 10) were collected at 2–5, 30, 60, 90 and 120 days postpartum and the full-length 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene was sequenced. Nineteen HMOs were quantitated using high-performance liquid chromatography. Bacterial profiles were unique to each sample type and changed significantly over time, with a large degree of intra- and inter-individual variation in all sample types. Beta diversity was stable over time within infant faecal, maternal faecal and HM samples, however, the infant oral microbiota at day 2–5 significantly differed from all other time points (all p < 0.02). HMO concentrations and intakes significantly differed over time, and HMO intakes showed differential associations with taxa observed in infant oral and faecal samples. The direct clinical relevance of this, however, is unknown. Regardless, future studies should account for intakes of HMOs when modelling the impact of HM on infant growth, as it may have implications for infant microbiota development.
Keywords: maternal faecal; human milk; human milk oligosaccharides; human milk bacteria; infant oral; infant faecal; microbiome; 16S rRNA gene; breastfeeding; body composition; intake; concentration; lactation maternal faecal; human milk; human milk oligosaccharides; human milk bacteria; infant oral; infant faecal; microbiome; 16S rRNA gene; breastfeeding; body composition; intake; concentration; lactation
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MDPI and ACS Style

Cheema, A.S.; Trevenen, M.L.; Turlach, B.A.; Furst, A.J.; Roman, A.S.; Bode, L.; Gridneva, Z.; Lai, C.T.; Stinson, L.F.; Payne, M.S.; et al. Exclusively Breastfed Infant Microbiota Develops over Time and Is Associated with Human Milk Oligosaccharide Intakes. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 2804. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23052804

AMA Style

Cheema AS, Trevenen ML, Turlach BA, Furst AJ, Roman AS, Bode L, Gridneva Z, Lai CT, Stinson LF, Payne MS, et al. Exclusively Breastfed Infant Microbiota Develops over Time and Is Associated with Human Milk Oligosaccharide Intakes. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(5):2804. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23052804

Chicago/Turabian Style

Cheema, Ali Sadiq, Michelle Louise Trevenen, Berwin Ashoka Turlach, Annalee June Furst, Ana Sophia Roman, Lars Bode, Zoya Gridneva, Ching Tat Lai, Lisa Faye Stinson, Matthew Scott Payne, and et al. 2022. "Exclusively Breastfed Infant Microbiota Develops over Time and Is Associated with Human Milk Oligosaccharide Intakes" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 5: 2804. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23052804

APA Style

Cheema, A. S., Trevenen, M. L., Turlach, B. A., Furst, A. J., Roman, A. S., Bode, L., Gridneva, Z., Lai, C. T., Stinson, L. F., Payne, M. S., & Geddes, D. T. (2022). Exclusively Breastfed Infant Microbiota Develops over Time and Is Associated with Human Milk Oligosaccharide Intakes. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(5), 2804. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23052804

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