In Vitro Hepatotoxic and Neurotoxic Effects of Titanium and Cerium Dioxide Nanoparticles, Arsenic and Mercury Co-Exposure
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Results
2.1. NPs Characterization
2.2. NP-Metal Adsorption and NP Dissolution
2.3. Cell Viability
2.3.1. Single Exposure
2.3.2. Co-Exposure
2.4. Effects of 7 Days Single and Binary Exposures on Cell Proliferation
2.5. Cell Cycle Alterations
2.5.1. Single Exposure
2.5.2. Co-Exposure
3. Discussion
3.1. Single Exposures
3.2. Arsenic-Mercury Co-Exposure
3.3. TiO2NPs—CeO2NPs Co-Exposure
3.4. NP-Metal Co-Exposure
4. Materials and Methods
4.1. Materials
4.2. Nanoparticle Dispersion and Solutions
4.3. Nanoparticle Characterization
4.4. NP-Metal Adsorption and NP Dissolution in Cell Culture Media
4.5. Cell Culture
4.6. Exposure to Single or Binary Mixtures of TiO2NPs, CeO2NPs, as and Hg
4.7. Cell Viability by WST-1 Assay
4.8. Cell Proliferation by Clonogenic Assay
4.9. Cell Cycle Analysis—Flow Cytometry
4.10. Statistical Analysis
5. Conclusions
- potentiation effects: if aggregates are of small size and can be easily uptaken by the cell, if adsorption to NP facilitates the entrance of metals, and/or by the toxicity of the metal alone;
- antagonism effects: if the metals cause the formation of large NP aggregates that hinder their uptake by the cells, block the other contaminants’ access to the cell, and/or if the NP (e.g., CeO2NPs) have the ability to act as antioxidant and reduce oxidative stress in the cells.
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Rosário, F.; Costa, C.; Lopes, C.B.; Estrada, A.C.; Tavares, D.S.; Pereira, E.; Teixeira, J.P.; Reis, A.T. In Vitro Hepatotoxic and Neurotoxic Effects of Titanium and Cerium Dioxide Nanoparticles, Arsenic and Mercury Co-Exposure. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 2737. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23052737
Rosário F, Costa C, Lopes CB, Estrada AC, Tavares DS, Pereira E, Teixeira JP, Reis AT. In Vitro Hepatotoxic and Neurotoxic Effects of Titanium and Cerium Dioxide Nanoparticles, Arsenic and Mercury Co-Exposure. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(5):2737. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23052737
Chicago/Turabian StyleRosário, Fernanda, Carla Costa, Cláudia B. Lopes, Ana C. Estrada, Daniela S. Tavares, Eduarda Pereira, João Paulo Teixeira, and Ana Teresa Reis. 2022. "In Vitro Hepatotoxic and Neurotoxic Effects of Titanium and Cerium Dioxide Nanoparticles, Arsenic and Mercury Co-Exposure" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 5: 2737. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23052737