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Volume 23
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10.3390/ijms23052530
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Review

Spheroid-Based Tissue Engineering Strategies for Regeneration of the Intervertebral Disc

by
Jesil Kasamkattil
1,
Anna Gryadunova
1,2,3,
Ivan Martin
2,
Andrea Barbero
2,
Stefan Schären
1,
Olga Krupkova
1,2,4,*,† and
Arne Mehrkens
1,†
1
Spine Surgery, University Hospital Basel, Spitalstrasse 21, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
2
Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University of Basel, Hebelstrasse 20, 4031 Basel, Switzerland
3
World-Class Research Center “Digital Biodesign and Personalized Healthcare”, Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, 119435 Moscow, Russia
4
Lepage Research Institute, University of Prešov, 17. Novembra 1, 081 16 Prešov, Slovakia
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
†
These authors contributed equally to this work.
Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23(5), 2530; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23052530
Submission received: 12 January 2022 / Revised: 21 February 2022 / Accepted: 23 February 2022 / Published: 25 February 2022
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Regeneration for Spinal Diseases 2.0)
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Abstract

Degenerative disc disease, a painful pathology of the intervertebral disc (IVD), often causes disability and reduces quality of life. Although regenerative cell-based strategies have shown promise in clinical trials, none have been widely adopted clinically. Recent developments demonstrated that spheroid-based approaches might help overcome challenges associated with cell-based IVD therapies. Spheroids are three-dimensional multicellular aggregates with architecture that enables the cells to differentiate and synthesize endogenous ECM, promotes cell-ECM interactions, enhances adhesion, and protects cells from harsh conditions. Spheroids could be applied in the IVD both in scaffold-free and scaffold-based configurations, possibly providing advantages over cell suspensions. This review highlights areas of future research in spheroid-based regeneration of nucleus pulposus (NP) and annulus fibrosus (AF). We also discuss cell sources and methods for spheroid fabrication and characterization, mechanisms related to spheroid fusion, as well as enhancement of spheroid performance in the context of the IVD microenvironment.
Keywords: nucleus pulposus; annulus fibrosus; cell therapy; regenerative medicine; intervertebral disc degeneration nucleus pulposus; annulus fibrosus; cell therapy; regenerative medicine; intervertebral disc degeneration

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MDPI and ACS Style

Kasamkattil, J.; Gryadunova, A.; Martin, I.; Barbero, A.; Schären, S.; Krupkova, O.; Mehrkens, A. Spheroid-Based Tissue Engineering Strategies for Regeneration of the Intervertebral Disc. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 2022, 23, 2530. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23052530

AMA Style

Kasamkattil J, Gryadunova A, Martin I, Barbero A, Schären S, Krupkova O, Mehrkens A. Spheroid-Based Tissue Engineering Strategies for Regeneration of the Intervertebral Disc. International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2022; 23(5):2530. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23052530

Chicago/Turabian Style

Kasamkattil, Jesil, Anna Gryadunova, Ivan Martin, Andrea Barbero, Stefan Schären, Olga Krupkova, and Arne Mehrkens. 2022. "Spheroid-Based Tissue Engineering Strategies for Regeneration of the Intervertebral Disc" International Journal of Molecular Sciences 23, no. 5: 2530. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23052530

APA Style

Kasamkattil, J., Gryadunova, A., Martin, I., Barbero, A., Schären, S., Krupkova, O., & Mehrkens, A. (2022). Spheroid-Based Tissue Engineering Strategies for Regeneration of the Intervertebral Disc. International Journal of Molecular Sciences, 23(5), 2530. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms23052530

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